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Iminium

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File:Iminium-2D.png
The general structure of an iminium cation

An iminium cation in organic chemistry is a functional group with the general structure [R1R2C=NR3R4]+.[1] They are common in synthetic chemistry and biology.

Structure

Imininium cations adopt alkene-like geometries. The central C=N unit is nearly coplanar with all four substituents. The C=N distances, which are near 129 picometers in length, are shorter than C-N single bonds. Cis/trans isomers are observed.

Structure of the cation in the salt [Me2N=C(H)tolyl]+OTf− illustrating the near planarity of the iminium functional group.[2]

Formation

Iminium cations are obtained by protonation and alkylation of imines:

RN=CR'2 + H+ → [RNH=CR'2]+
RN=CR'2 + R"+ → [RR"N=CR'2]+

They also are generated by the condensation of secondary amines with ketones or aldehydes:

O=CR'2 + R2NH + H+ [R2N=CR'2]+ + H2O

This rapid, reversible reaction is one step in "iminium catalysis".[3]

More exotic routes to iminium cations are known, e.g. from ring-opening reactions of pyridine.[4]

Occurrence

Iminium derivatives are common in biology. Pyridoxal phosphate reacts with amino acids to give iminium derivatives. Many iminium salts are encountered in synthetic organic chemistry.

"Eschenmoser's salt" is a well known example of an iminium salt.[5]

Reactions

Iminium salts hydrolyse to give the corresponding ketone or aldehyde:[6]

[RR"N=CR'2]+ + H2O → [RR"NH2]+ + O=CR'2

Iminium cations are readily reduced to the amines, e.g. by sodium cyanoborohydride. They are intermediates in the reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes.

Named reactions involving iminium species

Iminylium ions

Iminylium ions have the general structure R2C=N+. They form a subclass of nitrenium ions.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "iminium compounds". doi:10.1351/goldbook.I02958
  2. ^ "Electrophilic Reactivity of a 2‐Azaallenium and of a 2‐Azaallylium Ion". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2000: 1589–1593. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(200004)2000:8<1589::AID-EJOC1589>3.0.CO;2-T. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help).
  3. ^ Erkkilä, Anniinä; Majander, Inkeri; Pihko, Petri M. (2007). "Iminium Catalysis". Chem. Rev. 107: 5416–5470. doi:10.1021/cr068388p.
  4. ^ Hafner, = Klaus; Meinhardt, Klaus-Peter (1984). "Azulene". 62: 134. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.062.0134. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  5. ^ E. F. Kleinman (2004). "Dimethylmethyleneammonium Iodide and Chloride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rd346.
  6. ^ "A General Synthesis of Cyclobutanones from Olefins and Tertiary Amides: 3-Hexylcyclobutanone". Org. Synth. 69: 199. 1990. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.069.0199. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  7. ^ Grieco, P. A.; Larsen, S. D. (1990). "Iminium Ion-Based Diels–Alder Reactions: N-Benzyl-2-Azanorborene" (PDF). Organic Syntheses. 68: 206. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.068.0206.
  8. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "iminylium ions". doi:10.1351/goldbook.I02964
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