Ioanid Gang

The Ioanid Gang (Romanian: Banda Ioanid) was a group in Communist Romania named after two of its members, Alexandru and Paul Ioanid. On July 28, 1959, they carried out the most famous bank robbery ever to have occurred inside a Communist state.

Timeline

An armed group of six Jewish Romanian intellectuals and Romanian Communist Party cadres (Alexandru Ioanid, Paul Ioanid, Igor Sevianu, Monica Sevianu, Saşa Muşat and Haralambie Obedeanu) were alleged to have stolen 1,600,000 Romanian lei (about 250,000 United States dollars in 1959) from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania in 1959. The first five were alleged to have been in a getaway car, while Obedeanu was alleged to have been in a telephone cabin, keeping the bank's phone line busy.

The case was investigated by the Securitate (the Communist secret police), and the supposed perpetrators were arrested within two months. They were rounded up in night-time raids, tried behind closed doors, and all but one sentenced to death. The executions, also kept under secrecy (including for family members of the victims), were carried out in 1960.

Monica Sevianu, the only woman involved, had her sentence commuted to life imprisonment because she was a mother; in 1964, she was released through an amnesty for political crimes, and returned to Israel in 1970 (she had already made Aliyah once, in the 1940s).

1960 propaganda film

In 1960, the government issued a propaganda film, Reconstituirea, to be viewed only by Communist Party members, which reconstructed the way in which the heist had allegedly been planned and carried out. Members of the Ioanid Gang acted out their own roles, possibly having been told that their death sentences would be commuted in return.

Controversy

Contradictions

There were several unusual things about the story in its most common version. Beyond accusations based on various ideological guidelines, no reasons for the alleged robbery, or for the Ioanid group to have perpetrated it, were ever given. Although the persons on trial were accused of intending to donate the money to Zionist organizations that would send Romanian Jews to Israel, the stolen sum was in lei, which at the time could not be exchanged for hard currency anywhere in the world.

Given that Communist Romania was a police state, and unprecedented measures of strict control and surveillance were supposed to have been enforced in all areas of society (phone calls were routinely monitored, correspondence was intercepted, and secret police informants were common) a plan such as the one allegedly designed by the group would have been exceedingly difficult to carry out. It is also highly unlikely that the members of the "Ioanid Gang" could have been unaware of these facts. One of them, Alexandru Ioanid, was a colonel in the Securitate and, according to Victor Frunză, related through marriage to the Securitate chief Alexandru Drăghici (he had been married to, and recently divorced from, the sister of Draghici's wife Martha Cziko; following the divorce, Draghici had vowed to destroy him). In fact, during many months preceding July 1959 (the date of the alleged heist), at least one of the members, Obedeanu, was aware of being followed and of being constantly watched (through binoculars) by the Securitate from a building across the street from his apartment. Moreover, also for months preceding July 1959 the phones of the "Ioanid Gang" members had been tapped—in the aftermath several of the friends with whom they had talked lost their jobs or positions.

In the aftermath of July 28, the group was said to have engaged in reckless spending on luxuries, as depicted in the original reconstruction movie. It is, however, highly unlikely that a person living in Romania at the time could have imagined being able to get away with such behavior unnoticed by the surveillance apparatus; moreover, in Obedeanu's case for example, the filming crew resorted to furnishing props (carpets, furniture and curtains) to his apartment, in order to show how he had spent the money. Obedeanu never really changed his spending habits, unlike apparently (according to Irene Lusztig) Sevianu, leading some to believe that, in trying to stage the event, authorities may have offered Sevianu money based on his more immediate needs (unlike the others, Sevianu was unemployed). It has also been indicated that Obedeanu's wife, Nora, arrested along with the group members, was interrogated only about the content of conversations among group members, and found out about bank robbery accusations only upon her release from prison after a couple of months.

All these aspects, together with the numerous cases of sentences based on false accusations, have led some (including relatives of the alleged robbers) to doubt that any robbery actually took place or that those charged with the crime committed it (especially as there was no actual direct identification of the accused by the supposed witnesses). One conjecture is that the case was manufactured by the government in an attempt to justify a purge in the Securitate ranks (by accusing officers of incompetence in solving the case) as well as to remove most remaining Jews from leading positions inside the government and Communist Party. Yet another contention is that the executions were staged, so that the five men would have their records erased and become undercover agents abroad. Since most evidence has been filtered by the Securitate, the truth is extremely hard to discern (especially since Securitate files are unlikely to contain any self-incriminating notes of the staging of the heist, and resume themselves to following the official story-line).

Blackmail scenario

Based on what is known about the group members (journalists, a physicist, a history professor, and a Securitate colonel, all fully understanding the Romanian situation) and about the political climate at the time, as well as on recollections of some family members, another scenario also seems likely. Following prolonged Securitate surveillance of the group, which resulted in the accumulation of evidence about conversations with dissident tones, members may have been blackmailed (threatened with harm against their families and themselves), and promised some reprieve (or even freedom to leave the country with their families) if they went along with the staging of the robbery to serve several government and personal purposes.

In this event, the government failed to uphold its end of the bargain. As a parallel, in what was a highly unusual move for those times when nobody was allowed to leave Romania, another Jewish Securitate officer, incidentally described as "friend" of the Ioanid group, was permitted to leave the country with his family and go to Brazil shortly after the alleged incident; this has led some to believe that he may have been the agent through whom the government communicated its promises and made them credible.

In culture

Apart from the original film, there have been several other movies and documentaries, including Reconstruction (2001) by Irene Lusztig and The Great Communist Robbery (2004) by Alexandru Solomon. The film Closer to the Moon (2014) by Nae Caranfil, starring Harry Lloyd, Vera Farmiga, Mark Strong and Joe Armstrong, is based on the events.

See also

• Reconstruction—the documentary film made by Irene Lusztig

Sources

• Template:Ro icon Doriana Galor, "Arena: Marele jaf din 1959 la Banca Naţională" ("Arena: The Great 1959 National Bank Robbery"), at the BBC Romanian section site
• Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990
• Direct recollections of family members.