Irwin screen
In the realms of toxicology and pathology, the Irwin screen is utilised to determine whether the subject(s) show adverse effects from a course of pharmaceutical treatment or environmental pollution. It is an observational methodology.[1]
History
[edit]Mice were first used systematically to determine a drug's central nervous system side effects by S. Irwin in 1962 and then again in 1968.[1] Its use in the pharmaceutical industry has become ingrained since then, as below.
The National Academy of Sciences issued in 1975 a position paper on the "Principles for Evaluating Chemicals in the Environment." This paper influenced government and academic circles, and was adopted by e.g. Brimblecombe for his study of atmospheric arsenic levels.[2] The critical review in 1982 by Mitchell and Tilson,[3] caused the US EPA to develop guidelines for several behavioural tests including a test series based on the Irwin Screen, named the Functional Observational Battery (FOB) by Sette in 1989.[4] In 1998, the FOB was published in the late 1990s as EPA Human Health 870 Series Test Guidelines,[1][5][6] and in praxis the Irwin screen and the FOB "overlap and to some extent are interchangeable."[1]
The American batteries were harmonised with the OECD's from the same era.[7][8][9][10] Similar tests on food chemicals were recommended by the FDA in their Red Book.[11] Behavioural test batteries are now required for new drugs by the S7A group of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH).[citation needed]
Interchangeability with FOB
[edit]The Irwin screen was as of 2010 in the pharmaceutical industry almost exclusively used with lab mice, whereas the FOB, or some modification thereof, was used with lab rats and other nonrodent species, such as rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs and nonhuman primates.[1]
Sample checklist
[edit]A sample Irwin screen[12] includes overt behavior observations and autonomic observations:
Overt Behavior
- increased activity
- decreased activity
- sedation
- tremor
- convulsions
- myoclonic
- tonic/clonic
- straub tail
- stereotypy
- increased exploration
- decreased exploration
- ataxia
- weakness
- catalepsy
- pain threshold (tail pinch)
- loss of righting reflex
- writhing (i.p. administration)
Autonomic Observations
- piloerection
- diarrhoea
- exophthalmos
- salivation
- vasoconstriction
- vasodilatation
- cyanosis
- lacrymation
- ptosis
- miosis
- mydriasis
- hypothermia
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Moser, Virginia C. (2011). "Functional Assays for Neurotoxicity Testing". Toxicologic Pathology. 39 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1177/0192623310385255. PMID 21075917.
- ^ Brimblecombe, P. (1979). "Atmospheric arsenic". Nature. 280 (5718): 104–5. Bibcode:1979Natur.280..104B. doi:10.1038/280104a0. PMID 552598. S2CID 29678462.
- ^ Mitchell, C. L.; Tilson, H. A. (1982). "Behavioral toxicology in risk assessment: Problems and research needs". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 10 (4): 265–74. doi:10.3109/10408448209003367. PMID 6756792.
- ^ Sette, W. F. (1989). "Adoption of new guidelines and data requirements for more extensive neurotoxicity testing under FIFRA". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 5 (2): 181–94. Bibcode:1989ToxIH...5..181S. doi:10.1177/074823378900500204. PMID 2728014. S2CID 23692531.
- ^ "Document Display (PURL) | NSCEP | US EPA".
- ^ "Document Display (PURL) | NSCEP | US EPA".
- ^ "Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents - en - OECD".
- ^ "Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1997). Guideline 424: Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents". OECD.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 Health Effects" (PDF).
- ^ OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals / OECD Series on Testing and Assessment Guidance Notes for Analysis and Evaluation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. OECD. 2002-12-12. ISBN 9789264078499.
- ^ Sobotka, T. J.; Ekelman, K. B.; Slikker Jr, W.; Raffaele, K.; Hattan, D. G. (1996). "Food and Drug Administration Proposed Guidelines for Neurotoxicological Testing of Food Chemicals". Neurotoxicology. 17 (3–4): 825–36. PMID 9086506.
- ^ US 6664397, Fletcher, Allan & Shepherd, Robin, "Use of (+)mefloquine for the treatment of malaria", published 2003-12-16, assigned to Vernalis Research Ltd.