View source for Jean-Claude Éloy

{{Short description|French composer}}
[[File:Jean-Claude Éloy.jpg|thumb|Jean-Claude Éloy in 2015]]
'''Jean-Claude Éloy''' (born 15 June 1938) is a French composer of instrumental, vocal and electroacoustic music.

==Biography==
Jean-Claude Éloy was born in [[Mont-Saint-Aignan]] near [[Rouen]]. He studied composition with [[Darius Milhaud]] at the Paris Conservatory, where he was awarded four ''premier prix'': in piano (1957), in chamber music (1958), in counterpoint (1959), and in [[ondes Martenot]] (1960). During this same period he attended the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse]] in 1957, 1960, and 1961, where he studied with [[Henri Pousseur]], [[Hermann Scherchen]], [[Olivier Messiaen]], [[Pierre Boulez]], and [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]. In 1961, he also studied with Boulez at the [[City of Basel Music Academy]].{{sfn|Stoianova|2001}}

In 1966, he joined the faculty of the [[University of California, Berkeley]],{{sfn|Éloy|1967}} where he taught until 1968. At Stockhausen's invitation, he spent 1972–73 working at the [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)]] in Cologne, where he produced ''Shânti'' (revised in 1974), for electronic and concrete sounds, in which he explored timbre and aspects of musical time.{{sfn|Stoianova|2001}} In 1977, Éloy spent long periods of time in Japan, realizing one of the high-points in his electronic-music output, the nearly four-hour-long ''Gaku-no-Michi'' (The [[Tao|Dào]] [Paths] of Music), at the Electronic Music Studio of [[NHK]] in Tokyo,{{sfn|Siano|2013|loc=31}} and from 1978 he worked at the [[CCMIX|Centre d'Études de Mathématiques et Automatique Musicales]], founded by [[Iannis Xenakis]].

In the late 1980s, Éloy embarked on a cycle of compositions collectively titled ''Libérations'', focussing on women or the feminine principle, and developed in collaboration with exceptional vocalists such as Junko Ueda, [[Fátima Miranda]], and Yumi Nara. Each work is devoted to one or another feminine figure from mythology, literature, or cultural history, and features female solo voices with instruments and/or [[Electroacoustic music|electro-acoustics]]. The first two works of the cycle, ''Sappho Hikètis'' (The Imploring Sappho) and ''Butsumyôe'' (Ceremony of Repentance) were composed in 1989. These were followed in 1990–91 by ''Erkos'' (Hymn of Praise), then by ''Gaia Songs'' (1991–92), and finally ''Galaxies'' (Sigma version 1996). In 2011, the composer decided to retitle the cycle ''Chants pour l'autre moitié du ciel'' [Songs for the Other Half of the Sky], subtitled Songs of Loneliness, of Supplication, of Revolt, of Celebrations, or of Prayers.{{sfn|Siano|2013|loc=32}}

Éloy founded his own publishing house and record company, ''hors territoires'', with the aim of documenting his artistic work through the publication of books and compact discs.

==Style and technique==
Through most of his career, Asian (especially Hindu) music and aesthetics have had a strong influence on Éloy's music.{{sfn|Burton|2002}} In some earlier works, [[Fibonacci number]]s played a part – in a very obvious way in ''Équivalences'', where fermatas are assigned values of ½, 1, 1½, 2½, 4, and 6½ seconds,{{sfn|Kramer|1973|loc=148}} and disguised by arbitrary arithmetic transformations in the rhythms of the withdrawn composition ''Macles''.{{sfn|Lowman|1971|loc=436}}{{sfn|Kramer|1973|loc=141}}

Regarding ''Équivalences'' (1963), the composer stated:
{{Quote|The title refers to numerous aspects of the piece and should be interpreted in the sense of an equilibrium between contrasting forces. In the simplest terms, there is the deployment of musical instruments: A triple symmetry in an arc formed by 6 percussionists, 3 groups of winds and piano-celesta with harp. On a higher plane, we may regard it as a depiction of the contrasting elements that make up the work: density: zero to maximum; registers: fixed to mobile; coordination: absolute to relative, etc. The whole form itself reflects these oppositions, this dialectic play, whence derives a contrasting sonority, an extension of the dynamic field.

Certain structures are variable from one performance to another, utilizing modifiable intensities that affect mainly the duration of the percussion instruments' resonances. To illustrate: a contrast is created between wind instruments producing long held sounds on the one hand, and on the opposite side are percussion instruments, piano, harp, etc., producing sounds of rapid growth and decay. Bit by bit, these sounds are drawn closer until they are confronted. The movement continues until the sounds are at their initial state, but on opposite sides: the winds producing "pointed" sounds, while the percussion instruments, by means of complicated trills, etc., produce long held sounds. [[Henri Pousseur]] describes this development as an "arc of duration".{{sfn|Éloy|1967}}}}

== Works (selection) ==
{{See also|List of compositions by Jean-Claude Éloy}}
* Nocturne, for piano (1954)
* ''Stèle pour Omar Khayyam'', for soprano, piano, harp, and percussion (1960)
* Étude III, for orchestra, with five percussions, celesta, harp, and piano (1962)
* ''Équivalences'', for 18 players (1963)
* ''Faisceaux-Diffractions'', for 28 players (1970)
* ''Kâmakalâ'' ("Le Triangle des énergies"), for three orchestral groups, five choral groups, with three conductors (1971)
* ''Shânti'' ("Paix"), for electronic and concrete sounds (1972–73)
* ''Fluctuante-Immuable'', for large orchestra (1977)
* ''Gaku-no-Michi'' ("Les Voies de la musique" or "Le Tao de la musique"), film without images for electronic and concrete sounds (1977–78); realized at the NHK Electronic Music Studio, Tokyo
* ''Yo-In'' ("Réverbérations"), ''théâtre sonore'' for an imaginary ritual in four acts, for electronic and concrete sounds (1980); realized at the Instituut voor Sonologie, Rijkuniversiteit, Utrecht
* ''A l'approche du feu méditant'', for 27 players of a Japanese gagaku orchestra, two choruses of Buddhist monks from the Tendai and Shingon sects, six percussionists, and five bugaku dancers (1983); commissioned by the National Theater of Japan (Kokuritsu Gekijo), Tokyo
* ''Anâhata'' ("Vibration primordiale" or "Vibration d’origine"), for five Japanese traditional musicians (three gagaku players and two Shômyô singers), percussion, electronic and concrete sounds, staging and lights (1984–86); commissioned by the Festival d’Automne à Paris
* ''Libérations'' (1989, renamed ''Chants pour l'autre moitié du ciel'' [Songs for the Other Half of the Sky] in 2011); commissioned by the Festival d’Automne à Paris
# ''Butsumyôe'' ("La cérémonie du repentir"), for two female voices (sopranos with extended vocal techniques, using varied percussion instruments)
# ''Sappho hiketis'' ("Sappho implorante"), for two female voices (sopranos with extended vocal techniques), and electroacoustic music
* ''Erkos'' ("Chant, Louange"), for a solo Satsuma-Biwa player using vocal extended techniques and several percussion instruments, with electroacoustic music (1990–91); commissioned by the [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] and realized at the [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)|WDR Studio for Electronic Music]], Cologne
* ''Galaxies'' (Sigma version), with the vocal solo ''...kono yo no hoka...'' ("... ce monde au-delà ..."), for a vocalist using extended Shômyô vocal techniques, with electroacoustic music, light and staging (1996); commissioned by Roger Lafosse for the festival Sigma and realized at the Electronic music studio of the Sweelinck Conservatory, Amsterdam
* ''L'Anneau des sept lumières'' [The Ring of the Seven Lights]; ''Metametal'' (long version). Seven continuous variations from a single Bonshô sample, for electronic and concrete sounds (1994–95, revision and new master 2013)
* ''Etats-Limites, ou les cris de Petra'' [Borderlines, or Petra's Shouts], for electronic and concrete sounds (2013)
* ''Le Minuit de la Foi'' [The Midnight of the Faith], for electronic and concrete sounds (2014)

==Notes==
{{reflist|15em}}

==References==
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* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Burton|2002}}|reference=Burton, Anthony (2002). "Éloy, Jean-Claude". In ''The Oxford Companion to Music'', edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-866212-2}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Éloy|1967}}|reference=Éloy, Jean-Claude (1967). Liner notes, adapted in translation by Giveon Cornfield. ''Pierre Boulez Conducting Schoenberg, Eloy, Pousseur'' (Eloy: ''Équivalences'', for 18 instruments; Pousseur: ''Madrigal III'', for clarinet, violin, violoncello, 2 percussion instruments, and piano; Schoenberg: ''Verklaerte Nacht''). Domaine Musical Ensemble; Strasbourg Percussion Group; Pierre Boulez, cond. LP recording, 1 disc: 12 in, 33⅓ rpm, stereo. Everest 3170. New York: Everest Records.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Kramer|1973}}|reference=[[Jonathan Kramer|Kramer, Jonathan]]. 1973. "The Fibonacci Series in Twentieth-Century Music". ''[[Journal of Music Theory]]'' 17, no. 1 (Spring): 110–148.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lowman|1971}}|reference=Lowman, Edward A. 1971. "An Example of Fibonacci Numbers Used to Generate Rhythmic Values in Modern Music". ''[[Fibonacci Quarterly]]'' 9, no. 4:423–426.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Siano|2013}}|reference=Siano, Leopoldo (2013). "Die 'Wege der Musik': Ein Porträt des französischen Komponisten Jean-Claude Eloy". ''Musik Texte'', no. 139 (November): 25–34, 38–39.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stoianova|2001}}|reference=Stoianova, Ivanka (2001). "Eloy, Jean-Claude". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', 2nd edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan.}}
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==Further reading==
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* [[Christoph von Blumröder|Blumröder, Christoph von]]. 2017. ''Die elektroakustische Musik: Eine kompositorische Revolution und ihre Folgen''. Signale aus Köln, Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 22, Vienna: Verlag Der Apfel {{ISBN|978-3-85450-422-1}}.
* Chauvin, Marie-José (1971). "Entretien avec Jean-Claude Eloy". ''Courrier musical de France'' 36 (October–December).
* Deloche, Aimée-Catherine (1985). "Eloy, le temps revisité". ''Silences'' 1:159–167.
* Éloy, Jean-Claude (1969). "Musiques d'Orient, notre univers familier". In ''La musique dans la vie'' 2 ("Rayonnement des cultures africaines, regards sur les civilisations asiatiques, quelques problèmes du monde actuel"), 183–215. Paris: ORTF.
* Éloy, Jean-Claude (1970). "Improvisation: Refuge, utopia or necessity?" ''The World of Music/Die Welt der Musik/[[Le Monde de la musique]]'' 12, no. 3:6–21. [In English, German and French.]
* Éloy, Jean-Claude (1995). "L'autre versant des sons: Vers de nouvelles frontières des territoires de la musique? " In ''La musique et le monde'' (Internationale de l'imaginaire, nouvelle serie 4), edited by Françoise Gründ, 193–231. Arles: Actes Sud. {{ISBN|2-7427-0280-6}}.
* Éloy, Jean-Claude (2006). "From ''Kâmakalâ'' to ''Shânti''". In ''Komposition und Musikwissenschaft im Dialog V (2001–2004)'', edited by Imke Misch and [[Christoph von Blumröder]], 23–53. Signale aus Köln, Musik der Zeit 11. Münster, Berlin, Hamburg, London, Vienna: Lit-Verlag. {{ISBN|3-8258-7945-3}}.
* Éloy, Jean-Claude (2013). "Cheminement", letter to Leopoldo Siano, 21 August 2011, German translation by Monika Lichtenfeld. Reproduced within {{harvnb|Siano|2013}}. ''Musik Texte'', no. 139 (November): 27.
* Felder, John (1981). "The Structural Function of Wind Role Transformations in ''Equivalences'' by J. C. Eloy." ''Ex Tempore: A Journal of Compositional and Theoretical Research in Music'' 1, no. 1:18–35
* Green, Tona (1991). "Interview with Jean-Claude Éloy". ''[[Computer Music Journal]]'' 15, no. 1 (Spring): 14–19.
* [[François-Bernard Mâche|Mâche, François-Bernard]] (1963). "Une oeuvre nouvelle de Messiaen". ''[[Mercure de France]]'' 1202 (December), 828–831. Reprinted in François-Bernard Mâche, ''Un demi-siècle de musique...et toujours contemporaine'', Collection sémiotique et philosophie de la musique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000), 28–31. [discusses Jean-Claude Éloy's ''Équivalences'' as well as Messiaen's ''Sept haïkaï'']
* Morawska-Büngeler, Marietta. 1988. ''Schwingende Elektronen. Eine Dokumentation über das Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunks in Köln 1951–1986.'' Cologne-Rodenkirchen: P. J. Tonger. {{ISBN|3-920950-06-2}}.
* [[John Rockwell|Rockwell, John]] (19 November 1983). "Music: Jean-Claude Eloy". ''[[The New York Times]]''.
* Stoianova, Ivanka (1993). "Mythen der Weiblichkeit in der achtziger und neunziger Jahren: Stockhausen, Eloy", ''Wiederaneignung und Neubestimmung, der Fall ‘Postmoderne’ in der Musik'' (Studien zur Wertungsforschung), ed. Otto Kolleritsch, 87–116. Vienna: Universal Edition.
* Stoianova, Ivanka (1997). "Jean-Claude Éloy: à la recherche du feu méditant: portrait du compositeur". In ''Music and Sciences'', ed. G.F. Arlandi, 196–227. Bochum.
* Stoianova, Ivanka (2003). "Produktion und Reproduktion in der elektronischen Musik am Beispiel von Jean-Claude Eloy". In ''Musikalische Produktion und Interpretation: Zur historischen Unaufhebbarkeit einer ästhetischen Konstellation'' (Studien zur Wertungsforschung 43), ed. Otto Kolleritsch, 163–175. Vienna: Universal Edition.
* Stoianova, Ivanka (2004). ''Entre détermination et aventure: Essais sur la musique de la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle''. Paris: Editions l'Harmattan.
* Weid, Jean-Noël von der (1997). "[http://www.eloyjeanclaude.com/PresseErkosFr.html La cosmogonie sonore de Jean-Claude Éloy]". ''Dissonanz'', no.51:30–32. [http://www.eloyjeanclaude.com/PressErkosEng.html English translation from the composer's website]
* Young, Rob (2010). "[http://www.thewire.co.uk/in-writing/the-portal/portal-28_10_2010 Jean-Claude Eloy: ''Shânti'', Hors Territoires 2 × CD; ''Gaku-No-Michi'', Hors Territoires 4 × CD]". ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'', no. 321 (28 October): 57.
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==External links==
* {{official|http://www.eloyjeanclaude.com/}}
* {{Discogs artist|575297-Jean-Claude-Eloy}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0255563|name=Jean-Claude Éloy}}
* {{YouTube|xM_U4rMWq5Q|Excerpt from ''YO-IN (Réverbérations)'', 1980}}
* [http://www.eloyjeanclaude.net/ Books revues, interviews, recordings, scores, memories]
* [http://www.hors-territoires.com/ hors territoires Books and Cds]
* [http://www.eloyjeanclaude.com/Shanti-Gaku.html hors territoires Texts]
* [http://www.eloyjeanclaude.com/eloyjeanclaude.org/index.html Musical examples]
* Fruitman, Stephen (2012). "[http://igloomag.com/reviews/jean-claude-eloy-4view Jean-Claude Eloy: 4View (Hors Territoires)]" CD review, Igloomag.com

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