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Jean-Philippe Charbonnier

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Jean-Philippe Charbonnier (August 28, 1921 – May 28, 2004) was a French photographer whose works typify the humanist impulse in that medium in his homeland of the period after World War Two.

Early life

Jean-Philippe Charbonnier was born into a family of artists and intellectuals. His mother, Annette Vaillant was a writer and daughter of Alfred Natanson[1] a.k.a. Alfred Athis, a founder of the Revue Blanche, and actress Martha Mellot; his father, Pierre Charbonnier, was a painter, and as a boy, Jean-Philippe met Max Ernst, Pierre Bonnard and the photographer Jacques-Henri Lartigue. His parents separated and he was brought up by his stepfather, Gustave Moutet. At the Lycée Condorcet in Paris he studied philosophy, English and German, but at 18, Jean-Philippe received a camera from his father who encouraged him to become a photographer, and he discontinued his studies to work in the movie star portrait studio of Sam Lévin ('discoverer' of Brigitte Bardot). He left his hometown to follow Lévin to Lyon, Marseille and Toulon, then went into exile for two years in neutral Switzerland early in the Second World War, where he met with Jean Manevy who instructed him in the art of typography and journalism.

Photojournalism

On return to France in 1944, Charbonnier worked for Théodore (Théo) Blanc (1891–1985) and Antoine (Tony) Demilly (1892–1964) in their darkrooms in Lyon, where he learnt how to print. At the end of the war he photographed, in the village of Vienne, near Grenoble, the execution of a Nazi collaborator in front of a crowd of five thousand people.[2] In the late 40s, he became the chief typesetter for Liberation, and later France Dimanche. He also wrote for Point de Vue, where for the first time his photographs were published, in 1949, by editor Albert Plecy (1914-1977).

In 1950, he was appointed reporter for the magazine Réalités,[3] specializing in stories of French everyday life, but also travelling the world for the magazine. In 1951 he was photographing the Tuaregs in North Africa; in 1954, shoeshine boys in Brazil; as early as 1955 he visited China and then Outer Mongolia, where he was the first Western photographer given a licence to work; then in Moscow during the Cold War; as well as Kuwait, where he made one of his best remembered pictures, of a veiled Kuwaiti woman carrying a sewing machine on her head; the former French Equatorial Africa, where he photographed Albert Schweitzer (and his pelican) in Gabon; and Alaska.[4]

Like Walker Evans in the US, his humanist images are 'straight', or realist.[5] This quality in his work was recognised with inclusion amongst Edith Gérin, Janine Niépce and Sabine Weiss, Marcel Bovis, René-Jacques, Jean Dieuzaide, Jean Marquis, Leon Herschtritt, Jean-Louis Swiners, Eric Schwab, and André Papillon in the exhibition Humanist photography, 1945-1968 at the National Library of France October 31, 2006 to January 28, 2007.[6] Humanist photography, as it became known in France,[7] though never a formal group or movement, was a post-war movement that helped build a French national identity and iconography,[8] both its picturesque places and its social clichés, but also denounced the harsh realities of the period; the move to the cities and growth of the urban working class, poverty, lack of housing and the fear of the Cold War.[9] This was the style of the Rapho photo agency owned and run by Raymond Grosset (who took it over from founder Charles Rado after the war), of which Charbonnier became a member along with others of the younger generation of photojournalist, including Jean Dieuzaide, Sabine Weiss and Janine Niepce.[10] Like his colleagues, Charbonnier identified closely with the classe populaire and focused on the worker, as exemplified by his image Miner being washed by his wife, 1954.[11] One of his stories for Réalités, published January 1955, in which he employed an objective point of view exposed conditions in a mental hospital that are a valuable document today in gauging the progress of psychiatric treatment (a number of the most powerful images were not published due to the sensitivities of the 1950s),[12] while another of his stories, Hélène et Jean, six heures de voyage à travers l'extase et l'angoisse, follows the consequences of drug addiction and overdose. [13]

Charbonnier decided to leave the magazine Realities in 1974 to concentrate on his Paris neighborhood of Notre-Dame de Paris and produced extended essays on that precinct.

Commercial photography

In the 1960s, with television beginning to replace the glossy magazines, Charbonnier turned increasingly to commercial photography, working for large companies such as Carrefour and Renault, freelancing for the Ministry of Labour and the World Health Organisation and also in the fashion industry, photographing Pierre Cardin, his fashions and models, from 1958.

He taught photography in Paris at the Ecole Supérieure des Arts Graphiques and also in England.

Recognition and legacy

Today Charbonnier's photographs are historical documents showing us the transformation of French society between 1945 and 2004.

In 1970, at the invitation of writer Michel Tournier, Charbonnier participated in the first Rencontres d'Arles as a guest of honor, and was included in first public evening meeting of three important 'Photographers of the Moment', with Brihat Denis and Jean-Pierre Sudre. Many photographers from all over France came to this event.[14]

Jean-Philippe Charbonnier married Gisèle Gonfreville, with whom he had two daughters, divorcing her to marry Agathe Gaillard, with whom, in 1975, he opened the first photography gallery in Paris,[15] the Agathe Gaillard Gallery,[1] which dealt in Charbonnier's popular Paris photos. Today, the gallery still exists and shows classic mid-century French photography. He and Agathe had a daughter, Eglantine. In 1996 he married Christine Vaissié, graphic designer and art director, who assisted in the preparation of the great Charbonnier exhibition at the Modern Art Museum of the City of Paris in 1983. She remained with him until the end of his life.

In 1983, he was awarded the Vermeil Medal for Photography by the city of Paris.

Charbonnier died, of a disease contracted during his travels, in Grasse on May 28, 2004, in the same year as Henri Cartier-Bresson, whom he regarded as '...a formidable "statue"...THE Living National Treasure at its best...'[16]

"It took me 30 years and a lot of pain to discover the truth of what Henri Cartier-Bresson always said. One should only use one camera with one lens that coincides with your angle of vision, with the same film at its normal speed. The rest is just gimmick and hardware." (Jean-Philippe Charbonnier. In: Colin Naylor, ed. Contemporary Photographers, Chicago and London, St. James, 1998.)

References

  1. ^ Who, incidentally, taught Vuillard photography; Guy Cogeval (2003) E. Vuillard Yale University Press
  2. ^ "Impressive proof of [Charbonnier's] skill early in his career is shown by his coverage of a public execution during the World War II period. He shot the entire story in only 30 frames—possibly because film was scarce then. The drama had a beginning (marching in of the firing squad), a middle (complete with coup de grace), and an end (carting away the corpse in a coffin)—all this before a large crowd of French citizens. Charbonnier's work bears the trademark of all great photojournalists- superb technique matched with an observant eye. His early work involved indoor flash with extensions, a style it was then obligatory to master. Versatile on location, he covered assignments from the Folies Bergère to the desert and Arctic." Popular Photography, Feb 1984, Vol. 91, No. 2. p.52. ISSN 1542-0337
  3. ^ Mondenard, Anne de & Guerrin, Michel & Maison européenne de la photographie (Paris, France) (2008). Réalités : un mensuel français illustré (1946-1978). Actes sud ; Paris : Maison européenne de la photographie, Arles
  4. ^ "Jean-Philippe Charbonnier." The Times: 46. Jun 05 2004. ProQuest. Web. 23 June 2015
  5. ^ Grayson, L. (2013). Editorial photographs and patterns of practice. Journalism Practice, 7(3), 314-328.
  6. ^ Beaumont-Maillet, L., Denoyelle, F., & Versavel, D. (2006). La photographie humaniste, 1945-1968: autour d'Izis, Boubat, Brassaï, Doisneau, Ronis--:[catalogue de l'exposition présentée à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, sur le site Richelieu, Galerie de photographie, du 31 octobre 2006 au 28 janvier 2007]. Bibliothèque Nationale de France-BNF.
  7. ^ Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. The Documentary Impulse in French Literature, 177.
  8. ^ Marie de Thézy, Claude Nori (1992) La photographie humaniste : 1930-1960 : histoire d'un mouvement en France. Paris : Contrejour.
  9. ^ Hamilton, P. (2001). " A poetry of the streets?" Documenting Frenchness in an Era of Reconstruction: Humanist Photography 1935-1960. In Buford Norman (ed.) (2001) The Documentary Impulse in French Literature, 177, Rodopi.
  10. ^ Hopkinson, A. (2000, Apr 20). Obituary: Raymond grosset for 50 years he ran a leading photo agency from his family home in the heart of paris. The Guardian Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/245511575?accountid=12001
  11. ^ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. SAGE, pps.137-140
  12. ^ "This photograph of Jean-Philippe Charbonnier is part of a report made on psychiatric hospitals for the Realities magazine in 1954. This document illustrates vividly the situation of people hospitalized for mental problems at that time and captures the progress since." Caption, In Jeffrey S. Nevid, Spencer Rathus, Beverly Greene (2009) Psychopathologie Pearson Education France, 28 Aug 2009
  13. ^ Blaise, M. (2015). Représentations des drogues et de l'addiction dans la photographie contemporaine. Psychotropes, 20(3), 21-39.
  14. ^ Lucia Scharpf Rencontres d’Arles 2005 Rapport de stage Lorette Chaix Jean-Pierre Lanfrey Université Paul Cézanne IUP d’Arles Licence Administration des Institutions Culturelles
  15. ^ "Jean-Philippe Charbonnier." The Times: 46. Jun 05 2004. ProQuest. Web. 23 June 2015
  16. ^ 'In Henri, a booklet edited by Brigitte Ollier and published by Filigranes in 2003, Charbonnier remembered his first meeting with Cartier-Bresson (pp. 16-17); "'The Monument' [...] I think I met him by chance at Pierre Gassman's Picto, rue de la Comete, or maybe rue Delambre [...] We were doing the same job, we had the same lab to get our rolls processed, but we did not have the same stripes on our sleeves. [...] I can see him going for the first time over the contact sheets of a series he had just shot. Here comes Pierre who stops and stands behind him. "Get the hell out of here!" said Henri. There was an attitude that matched the character, he wanted to be the first one to look at his contact sheets. Every photographer behaves this way, one does not just get master pieces out of 36 exposures, and one does not have to advertise one's hesitations and errors. Later we exchanged two photographs. He is a formidable "statue", Henri, even if I regret that he should be so stiff. For me he is THE living National Treasure at its best, [...] I even allow myself to call him THE INSTITUTION.” Bruno Chalifour (2004) 'Henri Cartier-Bresson's last decisive moment French Photographer ( 1908 - 2004 )' Afterimage 32.2 (September-October 2004): p2.
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