View source for Jesselton revolt

{{Short description|1943–1944 revolt against Japan in Borneo}}
{{about|the revolt in North Borneo|the incident during the Japanese occupation in Singapore|Double Tenth Incident|}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Jesselton revolt
| image             = Petagas Sabah PetagasWarMemorial-06.jpg
| caption           = Some names of resistance movement members aside from the main group who were subsequently executed after the revolt.
| date              = {{start date|df=yes|1943|10|09}} – {{end date and age|df=yes|1944|01|21}}<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=09|year1=1943|month2=01|day2=21|year2=1944}})
| place             = [[Jesselton]], [[British North Borneo]]
| result            = Japanese victory.
* [[Albert Kwok#Death|Execution of Albert Kwok]] and others who surrendered.
| combatant1        = Kinabalu Guerrillas Defence Forces
| combatant2        = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}<br />{{*}} [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Occupied British Borneo]]
| units1            = {{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Overseas Chinese Defence Association<br />{{*}} Chinese National Salvation Association<br />{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} North Borneo Volunteer Force<br />{{flagdeco|North Borneo}} North Bornean indigenous volunteers<br />{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} Philippine indigenous volunteers<br />{{flagdeco|British Raj}} Members of [[Indian Imperial Police]]
----
'''Limited arms support:'''
{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[United States Army Forces in the Far East|United States Forces in the Philippines]]
| units2            = {{flagdeco|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Imperial Japanese Army]]<br />{{*}} ''[[Kenpeitai]]''
| commander1        = {{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Albert Kwok]]{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Hiew Syn Yong{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Kong Tze Phui{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Li Tet Phui{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} Tsen Tsau Kong{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Charles Peter{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Jules Stephens{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Budh Singh{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Sohan Singh{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|North Borneo}} Panglima Ali{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|North Borneo}} Orang Tua Arshad{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|North Borneo}} Musah<br />{{flagdeco|North Borneo}} Duallis<br />{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} Jemalul<br />{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} Saruddin{{Executed}}<br />{{flagdeco|British Raj}} Subedar Dewa Singh
| commander2        = {{flagdeco|Empire of Japan|army}} Shimizu
| strength1         = 100 [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]]<br />≈200 [[Indigenous peoples|Bornean/Philippine indigenous peoples]]{{#tag:ref|Comprising [[Bajau people|Bajau]]-Binadan-[[Tausūg people|Suluk]]/[[Dusun people|Dusun]]-[[Murut people|Murut]].|group="note"}}/Eurasian/[[Sikh|Sikh Indian]]
| strength2         = ≈Hundreds Japanese police (1943)<br />≈Thousands Japanese troops (post 1943)
| casualties1       = 324 resistance members killed
| casualties2       = 50–90 police/soldiers killed{{#tag:ref|Including unspecified numbers of [[Taiwanese people|Formosan]] civilians serving with the Japanese at the time.|group="note"}}
| casualties3       = 2,000–4,000 civilians massacred by the Japanese
| partof            = [[World War II]]
}}
{{History of Malaysia}}
The '''Jesselton revolt''' (also known as the '''Jesselton uprising''' or the '''Double Tenth Revolt/Incident''') was a revolt by a [[resistance movement]] known as the [[Kinabalu Guerrillas]], comprising local [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], [[indigenous peoples]], Eurasian and [[Sikh|Sikh Indian]]s of [[Jesselton]], [[North Borneo]] and led by [[Albert Kwok]], against the [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|Japanese occupying forces of North Borneo]].

The movement succeeded in killing around 50–90 Japanese police and soldiers and temporarily took control of [[Jesselton]] (which after the war in 1946 would become the [[North Borneo]] and then later [[Sabah]] capital) and several neighbouring districts of [[Tuaran District|Tuaran]] and [[Kota Belud District|Kota Belud]]. Owing to extremely limited arms supplies, however, the movement was forced to retreat to its hide-out. The Japanese ''[[Kenpeitai]]'' then launched attacks against coastal settlements in western North Borneo to find the leader and members of the guerrilla force, with many innocent civilians suffering the various atrocities that have become synonymous with Japanese conquest in the [[Pacific War]].

The leader of the revolt finally decided to surrender following Japanese threats to execute more civilians if the guerrillas did not turn themselves in. Following the arrest and subsequent execution of the rebel alliance, the Japanese returned to administer [[North Borneo]] until 1945 when the main Allied liberation mission arrived.

== Background ==
[[File:AlbertKwok.JPG|thumb|120px|left|[[Albert Kwok]], the main leader of Kinabalu Guerrillas.]]
Due to persistently harsh rule under the Japanese occupation, resistance against the Japanese developed, especially on the west coast of North Borneo, where a revolt was led by [[Albert Kwok]] with the members comprising mostly [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and some [[indigenous peoples]].{{sfn|Tarling|2001|p=196}}{{sfn|Ham|2013|p=166}} Kwok, a local [[Teochew people|Teochew Chinese]] from [[Kuching]] in neighbouring [[Kingdom of Sarawak|Sarawak]], had previously been working with the [[Red Cross Society of the Republic of China|China Red Cross]] and serving under the [[Kuomintang]] of [[Chiang Kai-shek]],{{sfn|Tregonning|1960|p=88}}{{sfn|Danny|1998|p=154}} before returning to Borneo through [[British Malaya|Malaya]] in 1940.{{sfn|Goodwin|1953|p=31}}{{sfn|Evans|1990|p=50}} During his time in China, Kwok was also a student of the [[List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools#China|Seventh-day Adventist Mission School]] in [[Guangzhou|Canton]]. He arrived in Jesselton on 15 May 1941 and started a medical practice treating [[haemorrhoid|piles]].{{sfn|Danny|1998|p=154}}{{sfn|Julitta|2005|p=312}}

In February 1942, Kwok wanted to establish contact with the Australians or Americans in eastern North Borneo, but he was unable to continue his trek by foot across the island jungle when he reached [[Pensiangan]], which had a great number of Japanese troops.{{sfn|Tregonning|1960|p=88}} He needed to establish relations with the Allied movements, especially the [[United States Army Forces in the Far East|United States Forces in the Philippines]] (USFIP), as they were the sole armed resistance movement in the region at the time which had a good supply of firearms.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}} After he managed to establish contact with the American forces in the Philippines with the help of a fellow Chinese businessman named [[Lim Keng Fatt]],{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}}{{sfn|Reece|1998|p=162}} a Muslim cleric (''[[Imam]]'') named [[Marajukim]] from [[Sulu]] who was part of the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|resistance movement]] in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]] approached Kwok in Jesselton where he hence departed to [[Tawi-Tawi]] for training.{{sfn|Julitta|2005|p=318}} From there, they travelled further to Sulu and met [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Alejandro Suarez (military)|Alejandro Suarez]], learning of resistance movement operations in the Philippine archipelago.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}}{{sfn|Evans|1990|p=52}}{{sfn|Dick|1983|p=55}}

In May 1943, Kwok returned to Jesselton greatly determined to liberate North Borneo. Upon arrival, he first contacted the [[Overseas Chinese Defence Association]] (OCDA), with whose help he acquired medical equipment and cash donations for the support of the resistance in Sulu.{{sfn|Evans|1990|p=51}} Once again, in June 1943, he travelled with Marajukim to the Philippines. Through the mediation of Suarez, he met with the representatives of the [[US army]] and was commissioned as a Lieutenant on 1 July 1943.{{sfn|Julitta|2005|p=328}} Upon his second return to North Borneo, Kwok arrived with three pistols, a box of hand [[grenade]]s, and a promise to be given more weapons.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=125}} However, in the end, he could not induce the guerrillas in the [[Sulu Archipelago]] to send more firearms, and he was forced to launch a revolt with limited supplies.{{sfn|Tregonning|1960|p=89}} A resistance group under his leadership was then established on 21 September 1943, with the group calling themselves the [[Chinese National Salvation Association]] (CNSA),{{sfn|Danny|2004|p=116}} a branch of the OCDA.{{sfn|Tregonning|1960|p=89}} With collaboration between the Chinese and indigenous peoples, the group was subsequently known as [[Kinabalu Guerrillas Defence Force]].{{sfn|Evans|1990|p=52}}{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=128}}

== Uprising ==
[[File:Petagas Sabah PetagasWarMemorial-05.jpg|thumb|left|A plate commemorating the 324 fallen resistance members as well as victims of Japanese massacre in Petagas.]]
As the date of execution for a pending Japanese decree to seize any in opposition to the Japanese administration loomed closer, the resistance group was forced to launch their revolt ahead of schedule. With many of his members armed with only [[melee weapons]] such as [[parang (knife)|parang]], [[spear]] and [[kris]],{{sfn|Abbas|Bali|1985|p=159}} the movement launched their attack from 9 October 1943 and temporarily retook Jesselton, [[Tuaran District|Tuaran]], and [[Kota Belud District|Kota Belud]] from the Japanese, leaving around 50–90 casualties on the Japanese side.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=111}}{{sfn|Luping|Chin|Dingley|1978|p=40}}{{sfn|Ooi|1999|p=56}} 

In the combined land and sea attack on the Japanese, most inhabitants of the islands around the coastal areas contributed ships to the movement. Native [[Bajau people|Bajau]]-[[Tausūg people|Suluk]] leaders such as [[Panglima Ali]] ([[Sulug Island]]), [[Jemalul]] ([[Mantanani Islands]]), [[Orang Tua Arshad]] ([[Udar Island]]), and [[Saruddin]] ([[Dinawan Island]]) contributed to the revolt mostly through attacks from the sea.{{sfn|Ooi|2010|p=164}} Both Jemalul and Saruddin volunteered themselves from the Philippines to lead the [[Binadans]] of [[Mantanani]] and the [[Dinawan Islands]].{{sfn|Dick|1983|p=47}} 

From land, the revolt was supported by native [[Dusun people|Dusun]]-[[Murut people|Murut]] leaders such as [[Musah]] originated from Kampong Narupot Bingkor representing the [[Dusun]] of [[Gana]] community and [[Duallis]] for the [[Murut people|Murut]], as well as members of the [[Indian Imperial Police]] led by Constable [[Subedar Dewa Singh]],{{sfn|Ooi|2010|p=164}} and administration and police members of the former colonial authorities of North Borneo, mostly serving under the aegis of the [[North Borneo Volunteer Force]] (NBVF) led by [[Jules Stephens]] and [[Charles Peter]],{{sfn|Ooi|2010|p=164}} as well as [[Sergeant]] [[Bud Singh]] and [[Corporal]] [[Sohan Singh(Jesselton Revolt)|Sohan Singh]].{{sfn|Hwang|2010}}

After the successful revolt, the resistance movement under OCDA and NBVF jointly hoisted the [[flag of the Republic of China]] and [[Union Jack]] on 10 October 1943.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}} Most of the members of the OCDA were loyal to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] while the NBVF remained loyal to the [[United Kingdom]], although the NBVF was not even recognised by the British government.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}} 

With Imperial Japanese reinforcements from [[Kuching]] en route to suppress the rebellion, however, Kwok along with other members of the resistance were forced to retreat to their hide-out. The OCDA celebrated the birthday of [[Sun Yat-sen]], the founder of Kuomintang and subsequently the Republic of China, by hoisting the national flag again and singing the [[national anthem of the Republic of China]] on 12 November 1943.{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=124}}

== Aftermath and legacy ==
[[File:Petagas Sabah PetagasWarMemorial-04.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Petagas War Memorial]] built on the site of execution to honour the sacrifices of Kinabalu Guerrillas.]]
Following the arrival of Japanese reinforcements, the Japanese authorities subsequently launched a ruthless counter-offensive by bombing coastal settlements from [[Kota Belud]] to [[Membakut]] and by machine-gunning the North Borneo population.{{sfn|Ooi|1999|p=56}}{{sfn|Ooi|2010|p=186}} Almost every village in the area was burnt down, with around 2,000–4,000 innocent civilians executed— mostly belonging to the [[Bajau]] and [[Suluk people|Suluk]] civilian population.{{sfn|Ooi|2013|p=77}}{{sfn|Kratoska|2013|p=113}} After threatening to kill more civilians if the leaders of the uprising did not turn themselves in, Kwok finally surrendered under duress, along with several of his top officers. In all, Kwok and some 175 people who for the most part had nothing to do with the uprising were executed by the Japanese on 21 January 1944 in Petagas, [[Putatan]].{{sfn|Danny|2004|p=116}}

After the war, the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] (IMTFE) set up in 1946 to prosecute the many [[Japanese war crimes]] concluded that during the [[resistance movement]] led by the Chinese and indigenous peoples in North Borneo, the ''Kenpeitai'' had been involved in a reign of terror, arresting, torturing, and massacring hundreds of Chinese rebels while systematically exterminating the coastal population of [[Tausūg people|Suluk]] people.{{sfn|Watt|1985|p=210}}{{sfn|Thurman|Sherman|2001|p=123}} The sacrifice of the movement was honoured with a memorial in Petagas, the [[Petagas War Memorial]], today just east of the [[Kota Kinabalu International Airport]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em|group=note}}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Goodwin
  | first = J. W.
  | year = 1953
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OkHWAAAAMAAJ&q=kwok+north+borneo+1940
  | title = Eastern World
  | publisher = Far Eastern
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Tregonning
  | first = K. G.
  | year = 1960
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzw-AAAAMAAJ&q=jesselton+kwok+chinese
  | title = North Borneo
  | publisher = H.M. Stationery Office
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Luping
  | first1 = Margaret
  | last2 = Chin
  | first2 = Wen
  | last3 = Dingley
  | first3 = E. Richard
  | year = 1978
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q9AJAQAAIAAJ&q=60+japanese+killed+kwok
  | title = Kinabalu, Summit of Borneo
  | publisher = Sabah Society
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Dick
  | first = Crofton Horton
  | year = 1983
  | title = Ring of Fire: Australian guerrilla operations against the Japanese in World War II
  | publisher = Secker & Warburg
  | isbn = 978-0-436-20157-8
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Watt
  | first = Donald Cameron
  | year = 1985
  | title = The Tokyo War Crimes Trial: Index and Guide
  | others = International Military Tribunal for the Far East
  | publisher = Garland
  | isbn = 978-0-8240-4774-0
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Abbas
  | first1 = Ismail
  | last2 = Bali
  | first2 = K.
  | year = 1985
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-t4yAAAAMAAJ&q=albert+kwok+parang
  | title = Peristiwa-peristiwa berdarah di Sabah
  | language = Malay
  | publisher = [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|Institute of Language and Literature]], [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)]]
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Evans
  | first = Stephen R.
  | year = 1990
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=chxxAAAAMAAJ&q=kwok+north+borneo+1940
  | title = Sabah (North Borneo): Under the Rising Sun Government
  | publisher = Tropical Press
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Reece
  | first = Bob
  | year = 1998
  | title = Masa Jepun: Sarawak Under the Japanese, 1941-1945
  | publisher = Sarawak Literary Society
  | isbn = 978-983-9115-06-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Danny
  | first = Wong Tze-Ken
  | year = 1998
  | title = The Transformation of an Immigrant Society: A Study of the Chinese of Sabah
  | publisher = Asean Academic
  | isbn = 978-1-901919-16-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Ooi
  | first = Keat Gin
  | year = 1999
  | title = Rising Sun over Borneo: The Japanese Occupation of Sarawak, 1941–1945
  | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
  | isbn = 978-1-349-27300-3
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Thurman
  | first1 = Malcolm Joseph
  | last2 = Sherman
  | first2 = Christine
  | year = 2001
  | title = War Crimes: Japan's World War II Atrocities
  | publisher = Turner Publishing Company
  | isbn = 978-1-56311-728-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Tarling
  | first = Nicholas
  | year = 2001
  | title = A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941-1945
  | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
  | isbn = 978-1-85065-584-8
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Danny
  | first = Wong Tze-Ken
  | year = 2004
  | title = Historical Sabah: The Chinese
  | publisher = Natural History Publications (Borneo)
  | isbn = 978-983-812-104-0
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Julitta
  | first = Shau Hua Lim
  | year = 2005
  | title = Pussy's in the Well: Japanese Occupation of Sarawak, 1941-1945
  | publisher = Research and Resource Centre, SUPP Headquarters
  | isbn = 978-983-41998-2-1
  }}
* {{cite web
  | last = Hwang
  | first = Andrew
  | year = 2010
  | url = http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2010/08/17/remember-the-north-borneo-resistance-fighters/
  | title = Remember the North Borneo resistance fighters
  | work = [[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024123007/http://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2010/08/17/remember-the-north-borneo-resistance-fighters/
  | archive-date = 24 October 2017
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Ooi
  | first = Keat Gin
  | year = 2010
  | title = The Japanese Occupation of Borneo, 1941-1945
  | publisher = Routledge
  | isbn = 978-0-203-85054-1
 |url = https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/14068187/1345942500/name/Japanese+Occupation+in+Borneo.pdf
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171025040505/https://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/14068187/1345942500/name/Japanese+Occupation+in+Borneo.pdf
 |archive-date = 25 October 2017
 |url-status = dead
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Ooi
  | first = Keat Gin
  | year = 2013
  | title = Post-war Borneo, 1945-50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building
  | publisher = Routledge
  | isbn = 978-1-134-05803-7
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Ham
  | first = Paul
  | year = 2013
  | title = Sandakan
  | publisher = Transworld
  | isbn = 978-1-4481-2626-2
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Kratoska
  | first = Paul H.
  | year = 2013
  | title = Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire
  | publisher = Routledge
  | isbn = 978-1-136-12514-0
  }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
  | last = Maxwell
  | first = J. Hall
  | year = 1965
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox_TAAAAMAAJ
  | title = Kinabalu Guerrillas: An Account of the Double Tenth 1934 [i.e. 1943]
  | publisher = Borneo Literature Bureau
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Brooks
  | first = Ronald J.
  | year = 1995
  | title = Under Five Flags
  | publisher = Pentland Press
  | isbn = 978-1-85821-322-4
  }}
* {{cite web
 |last        = Danny
 |first       = Wong Tze-Ken
 |year        = 2006
 |url         = http://repository.um.edu.my/57030/1/2006-Sabah%20Society%20Journal%202006-The%20Kinabalu%20Guerrilas%20in%20Local%20%26%20National%20History.pdf
 |title       = The Kinabalu Guerrillas in Local and National History
 |work        = Sabah Society Journal
 |publisher   = Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, [[University of Malaya]]
 |volume      = 23
 |pages       = 19–30
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152506/http://repository.um.edu.my/57030/1/2006-Sabah%20Society%20Journal%202006-The%20Kinabalu%20Guerrilas%20in%20Local%20%26%20National%20History.pdf
 |archive-date = 24 October 2017
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite journal
  | last = Danny
  | first = Wong Tze-Ken
  | year = 2007
  | jstor = 41493694
  | title = The Petagas War Memorial and the Creation of a Heroic Past in Sabah
  | journal = Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
  | volume = 80
  | issue = 2 (293)
 | pages = 19–32
  }}
* {{cite web
 |author      = Daily Express
 |year        = 2013
 |url         = http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=84079
 |title       = Granddaughter seeks apology for massacre
 |publisher   = [[Daily Express (Malaysia)|Daily Express]]
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018131857/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=84079
 |archive-date = 18 October 2017
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite web
  | last = Lajiun
  | first = Jenne
  | year = 2015
  | url = https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-borneo-post-sabah/20150122/281771332586879
  | title = Relatives share stories of Sabah fallen heroes
  | publisher = [[The Borneo Post]]
  }}
* {{cite web
 |author      = Daily Express
 |year        = 2015
 |url         = http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104388
 |title       = Albert Kwok's daring raid
 |publisher   = Daily Express
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024152811/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=104388
 |archive-date = 24 October 2017
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite web
 |author      = Daily Express
 |year        = 2017
 |url         = http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=115400
 |title       = 82-year-old recalls execution of hero dad in Petagas
 |publisher   = Daily Express
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028153813/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=115400
 |archive-date = 28 October 2017
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite web
 |last        = Ralon
 |first       = Larry
 |year        = 2019
 |url         = http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=130677
 |title       = Man recalls how father, brother perished in war
 |publisher   = Daily Express
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20190122150637/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=130677
 |archive-date = 22 January 2019
 |url-status     = dead
 |df          = dmy-all
}}

{{History of East Malaysia}}
{{Empire of Japan}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1943]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:History of Sabah]]
[[Category:Japan–Malaysia relations]]
[[Category:Kota Kinabalu]]
[[Category:Massacres in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1944]]
[[Category:Military history of Japan during World War II|Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo]]
[[Category:Military history of Malaysia]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:South West Pacific theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres by Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:World War II resistance movements]]
[[Category:Japanese war crimes in British Borneo]]