View source for Jicaquean languages

{{Short description|Language spoken in Honduras}}
{{Infobox language family
| name          = Jicaquean
| altname       = Tolan
| region        = [[Honduras]]
| ethnicity     = [[Tolupan people|Tolupan]]
| familycolor   = American
| fam1          = [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] ?
| glotto        = jica1245
| glottorefname = Jicaquean
| child1        = [[Tol language|Tol]] (Eastern Jicaque)
| child2        = [[Western Jicaque language|Western Jicaque]] †
| map           = Tolatecan Languages.png
| mapcaption    = The Jicaque languages are in Honduras in the center of the map
}}

'''Jicaquean''', also known as '''Tolan''', is a small language family of [[Honduras]].  There are two attested Jicaquean languages, [[Tol language|Tol]] (Eastern Jicaque) and [[Western Jicaque language|Western Jicaque]] (Holt 1999), which Campbell (1997) reports were about as distant as English and Swedish.  Only Tol survives.

==Classification==
Prior to an influential paper by Greenberg and Swadesh in 1953<ref>Greenberg, Joseph Harold, and Morris Swadesh. 1953	Jicaque as a Hokan Language. IJAL 19:3</ref> Tol (a.k.a. Eastern Jicaque) was thought to be a language isolate, i.e., there existed no knowledge as to its possible genetic affinities. They argued that Tol should be added to the [[Hokan languages|Hokan]] stock, a large language stock, phylum or family, which was proposed by R. B. Dixon and Alfred D. Kroeber in 1913.<ref>Dixon, R. B., and Alfred L. Kroeber  1913	New Linguistic Families in California. American Anthropologist 15(4): 647–655.</ref> In 1977, David Oltrogge<ref>Oltrogge, David Frederick  1977	Proto-Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction. In Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics. Irvine Davis and Virgil Poulter, eds. [Dallas, TX]: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref> proposed to link Tol to the extinct [[Subtiaba language]] of Nicaragua, and also to [[Chontal of Oaxaca]], also known as [[Tequistlatec]]o. This indirectly amounted to a mere sub-classification, since all of the three languages in question were part of the proposed Hokan stock. A couple of years later, Campbell and Oltrogge<ref>Campbell, Lyle, and David Oltrogge  1980	Proto-Tol (Jicaque). International Journal of American Linguistics 46(3): 205–223.</ref> published a reconstruction of Jicaquean phonemes, based on the available information on Western and Eastern Jicaque. In that same paper they expressed strong doubt in the Hokan affiliation of Tol and mild enthusiasm regarding the possible link to Chontal of Oaxaca, but stressed that much more information was needed to be able to say anything reasonable. More recently, Kaufman<ref>Kaufman, Terrence  2006	Hokan Languages. In Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier.</ref> has expressed his continuing support of the Hokan affiliation of Tol.

Granberry & Vescelius (2004) speculate that the extinct [[Ciguayo language]] of Hispaniola might have its most likely relatives in the Tolan languages.

==Proto-language==<!---[[Proto-Jicaquean]] redirects here--->
{{Infobox proto-language
| name             = Proto-Jicaque
| familycolor      = American
| ancestor         = 
| target          = Jicaquean languages
}}
Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980):<ref>Campbell, Lyle and David Oltrogge. 1980. Proto-Tol (Jicaque). ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 46: 205-223.</ref>

{{collapse top|Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Jicaque
|-
| 2 || all || *pʰɨ(t)
|-
| 3 || always || *han-
|-
| 5 || arm, back, shoulder || *pʰel
|-
| 7 || arrow || *¢imea ?
|-
| 8 || ashes || *pʰɨpʰɨh
|-
| 13 || to be || *kʼos
|-
| 16 || bed || *kʰan
|-
| 17 || belly || *-kol
|-
| 18 || big || *pɨneh ?
|-
| 24 || black || *te(kʰ)
|-
| 27 || blood || *kʼas
|-
| 28 || blue || *¢u(h)
|-
| 30 || body || *pʼɨ(y)
|-
| 32 || bone || *kʰele
|-
| 34 || bow (of bow and arrow) || *halek
|-
| 37 || to burn || *tV-pʷe
|-
| 38 || bush (forest) || *hokʼ-la
|-
| 40 || buzzard || *mantɨ
|-
| 45 || cloud || *mol
|-
| 46 || coal(s) || *¢ʰek
|-
| 51 || cougar || *pɨkʼa(-he)
|-
| 59 || daughter || *(ku)kus
|-
| 62 || deer || *pʼɨs
|-
| 63 || to die || *pɨʔ ?
|-
| 65 || dog || *¢ʰiyo(h)
|-
| 66 || to drink || *mɨʔ
|-
| 67 || (to) dry || *pʰa
|-
| 69 || ear || *pʰa¢ʼ
|-
| 70 || earth, land || *(a)ma(h)
|-
| 71 || to eat || *la ?
|-
| 72 || egg || *pehey
|-
| 75 || excrement || *pɨ(y)
|-
| 78 || far || *kampa
|-
| 79 || father || *(pa)pa(y)
|-
| 84 || fire || *kʼawa
|-
| 85 || firewood || *wɨ(t)
|-
| 86 || fish || *kʰul
|-
| 89 || flea || *pel
|-
| 91 || fly || *no¢o¢
|-
| 93 || forehead || *wala
|-
| 94 || to forget || *-pɨʔ
|-
| 95 || four || *(y)ulupʰana
|-
| 97 || fruit || *wolas
|-
| 99 || to give || *-tekʼa
|-
| 101 || good || *wɨ(k)
|-
| 102 || grain (cf. maize) || *hulup
|-
| 103 || grandmother, female || *(mɨ)mɨy
|-
| 104 || to grind || *kʰol ?
|-
| 106 || hair || *¢ʼil
|-
| 107 || hand || *mas ?
|-
| 108 || he, that || *hup
|-
| 109 || head || *ha(y)pʰuk
|-
| 110 || to hear || *pʰak
|-
| 111 || heart || *has-
|-
| 114 || horn || *¢ʰeme
|-
| 115 || house || *wa
|-
| 117 || I || *nap ?
|-
| 119 || intestines || *¢ʼul
|-
| 123 || knee || *tikʼ-
|-
| 125 || to laugh || *wiʔ
|-
| 126 || leg || *tek
|-
| 128 || lip || *lɨp
|-
| 129 || liver || *kom
|-
| 131 || long || *kampa
|-
| 132 || to look for || *pal-
|-
| 133 || louse || *tɨtʼ
|-
| 135 || macaw || *pʼɨsa(h)
|-
| 137 || male, grandfather || *(ko)koy
|-
| 138 || man || *yom
|-
| 140 || meat || *pis
|-
| 143 || moon || *mɨmɨy
|-
| 144 || month || *mɨy-pʰini(h)
|-
| 148 || mouth || *lala
|-
| 149 || much || *pɨlɨk
|-
| 150 || my, mine || *na¢aʔ
|-
| 152 || navel || *lulu
|-
| 153 || nephew || *kelew ?
|-
| 155 || no || *ma-
|-
| 156 || nose || *mik
|-
| 157 || to nurse || *¢oʔ
|-
| 158 || oak || *¢ʼolol
|-
| 159 || one || *pʰani(h)
|-
| 164 || parrot || *kʰuyu(h)
|-
| 168 || red || *he(h)
|-
| 172 || round || *mul- ?
|-
| 175 || salt || *¢olim
|-
| 177 || sandal, shoe || *¢ompit
|-
| 178 || scorpion || *¢ʰew ?
|-
| 179 || to see || *nu(k)
|-
| 186 || skinny || *kʰele
|-
| 187 || sky || *alpa
|-
| 188 || sleep || *han-
|-
| 190 || smoke || *mus
|-
| 192 || to snore || *-hol-
|-
| 194 || to sow, plant || *sin-
|-
| 195 || to speak || *wele
|-
| 196 || spider || *kolok
|-
| 201 || stone || *pe(h)
|-
| 202 || summer || *¢ʰikin
|-
| 203 || sun || *lo¢ʼak
|-
| 204 || tail || *sokʼ
|-
| 207 || there is/are not (Sp.: ''no hay'') || *kuwa
|-
| 210 || thorn || *ham ?
|-
| 212 || to tie || *¢upa-
|-
| 215 || tongue || *pelam
|-
| 216 || tooth || *wis
|-
| 217 || tree || *yo(h)
|-
| 220 || two || *matʼɨ
|-
| 221 || uncle || *kokʰam ?
|-
| 224 || wasp || *petʰel
|-
| 225 || water || *sɨ(tʰ)
|-
| 226 || we || *-kup
|-
| 228 || white || *pʰe(kʰ)
|-
| 229 || wind || *lɨpʰɨ(kʰ)
|-
| 230 || woman || *kep
|-
| 233 || word || *wele
|-
| 235 || worm, caterpillar || *¢ʼihih
|-
| 237 || yellow || *lu(pʰ)
|-
| 239 || you || *hip
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Campbell, Lyle. (1979). "Middle American languages." In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment'' (pp.&nbsp;902–1000). Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian Languages, The Historical Linguistics of Native America''. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP.
* Campbell, Lyle, and David Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 46:205-223.
* Granberry, Julian, and Gary Vescelius (2004). ''Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles.'' Birmingham: University of Alabama Press.
* Greenberg, Joseph H., and Morris Swadesh (1953). "Jicaque as a Hokan Language." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 19: 216-222.
* Holt, Dennis. (1999). ''Tol (Jicaque)''. Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.

==External links==
{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a list of reconstructed forms at '''''[[Wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Jicaque reconstructions|Appendix:Proto-Jicaque reconstructions]]'''''}}
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hok\jic&first=0 Jicaquean basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]

{{Hokan languages}}
{{Mesoamerican families}}
{{language families}}
{{Languages of Honduras}}
{{North American languages}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jicaquean languages| ]]
[[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Hokan languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Central America]]
[[Category:Languages of Honduras]]

[[br:Toleg]]
[[hr:Jicaque Indijanci]]