View source for Judicial reform

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'''Judicial reform''' is the complete or partial political [[reform]] of a country's [[judiciary]]. Judicial reform can be connected to a [[law reform]], [[constitutional amendment]], [[prison reform]], police reform or part of wider reform of the country's political system.<ref>Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova. "[http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/worldruleoflaw.pdf The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia, in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform]", edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).</ref>

Stated reasons for judicial reform include increasing of the [[independence of the judiciary]], [[constitutionalism]] and [[separation of powers]], increased [[Speedy trial|speed of justice]], increased [[Right to a fair trial|fairness of justice]],<ref name="g896">{{cite journal | last=Melcarne | first=Alessandro | last2=Ramello | first2=Giovanni B. | last3=Spruk | first3=Rok | title=Is justice delayed justice denied? An empirical approach | journal=International Review of Law and Economics | volume=65 | date=2021 | doi=10.1016/j.irle.2020.105953 | page=105953}}</ref> improved [[impartiality]],<ref>European Parliament, Council and Commission, [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=EN Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union], 26 October 2012</ref> and improving [[Accountability#Electoral accountability|electoral accountability]], [[Legitimacy (political)|political legitimacy]] and [[parliamentary sovereignty]].<ref name="s735">{{cite journal | last=Feldman | first=David | title=Democracy, the Rule of Law and Judicial Review | journal=Federal Law Review | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=1990 | issn=0067-205X | doi=10.1177/0067205X9001900101 | pages=1–30}}</ref><ref name="p672">{{cite journal | title=Statutory Interpretation and Legislative Supremacy  | journal=78 Geo. L. J.  281 (1989-1990) | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/glj78&div=19&id=&page= }}</ref>

Areas of the judicial reform often include: codification of law instead of [[common law]], changing between an [[inquisitorial system]] and an [[adversarial system]], changes to [[court administration]] such as [[Council of the judiciary|judicial council]]s or changes to appointment procedure, establishing mandatory retirement age for judges or increasing the independence of [[prosecutor]]s from the [[Executive (government)|executive]]. 

==Examples==

===Judiciary Act of 1789===
{{Excerpt|Judiciary Act of 1789|paragraphs=2|only=paragraphs}}

===Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937===
{{Excerpt|Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937|paragraphs=2|only=paragraphs}}

===Judicial reform of Alexander II===
{{Excerpt|Judicial reform of Alexander II|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

===Judicial Reform Committee of South Sudan===
{{Excerpt|Judicial Reform Committee of South Sudan|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

===2023 Israeli judicial reform===
{{Excerpt|2023 Israeli judicial reform|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

===2024 Mexican judicial reform===
{{Excerpt|2024 Mexican judicial reform|paragraphs=1,2|only=paragraphs}}

===Protests against Polish judiciary reforms===
{{Excerpt|Protests against Polish judiciary reforms|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

===Romanian judicial reform===
{{Excerpt|Romanian judicial reform|paragraphs=1|only=paragraphs}}

=== '''Scotland: Judicial reform 2012 - 2015''' ===
The Period 2012 - 2015 is the period of the Lord Presidency of [[Brian Gill, Lord Gill|Lord Gill]] whose agenda was to overhaul and modernise a failing judicial system.<ref>See under "Reforms to the Scottish Courts system" in [[Brian Gill, Lord Gill|Lord Gill]]</ref> His initial Report dated from 2009, and followed a lengthy public consultation. His opinion was that the system as it stood was "outdated, expensive, unpredictable and inefficient."<ref>''Senior judge hits out at 'Victorian' Scots courts'' The Scotsman, by the Newsroom, 8 May 2009 </ref> The principal statutory changes were contained in the [[Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014]]. 

===Judicial reform in Ukraine===
{{Excerpt|Judicial reform in Ukraine|paragraphs=2|only=paragraphs}}

==See also==
*[[1960 Puerto Rican judicial reform referendum]]
*[[Administration of Justice Act]]
*[[Constitutionalism]]
*[[Constitutional Reform Act 2005]]
*[[Constitutional economics]]
*[[Criminal justice reform]]
*[[:Category:United States federal judiciary legislation]]
*[[Electoral reform]]
*[[Government failure]]
*[[Judicial activism]]
*[[Judicial independence]]
*[[Judicial review]]
*[[Political corruption]]
*[[Parliamentary sovereignty]]
*[[Regulatory capture]]
*[[Rule of law]]
*[[Rule according to higher law]]
*[[Security sector governance and reform]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2002/aug02 Judicial reform in Europe]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190503090237/http://www.judicialreforms.org/ Prashant Bhushan led Campaign for Judicial Accountability & Reforms in India, world's largest democracy]
*[http://www.judicial-discipline-reform.org Dr. Richard Cordero's website on Judicial Reforms Research & Actionable Strategy in USA]
*[https://a4jrindia.blogspot.com The Association for Judicial Reforms (India) working for Judicial Transparency and Efficiency in Administration of Justice in India]

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[[Category:Judiciaries|*]]
[[Category:Reform]]