Kaikorai Stream
| Kaikorai Stream | |
|---|---|
 Kaikorai Stream, Dunedin | |
 | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Wakari |
| Mouth | |
• location | Pacific Ocean |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • right | Fraser's Creek, Abbots Creek |
The Kaikorai Stream is a short river which runs through the city of Dunedin, in New Zealand's South Island.
Course
The stream drains the south eastern and eastern slopes of Flagstaff, Kaikorai Hill and the Balmacewen area, flows through Kaikorai Valley and Green Island and empties into Kaikorai Estuary. The water catchment area is 4,100 hectares (10,000 acres) and has about 15,000 residents.[1] There are two branches both sometimes known as 'Kaikorai Stream'.
Balmacewen
The branch of the Kaikorai Stream which flows through Balmacewen has its source in the Otago Golf Club's Balmacewen Golf Course.[2] From here the stream flows mainly through culverts below Bishopscourt, a group of playing fields used by the Kaikorai Rugby Football Club and an intermediate school.
Below Bishopscourt, the culvert opens into a stream through the Shetland St Community Garden and Kaikorai Common. On either side are a marae and a retirement village. A pond and areas of swamp and forest and a community garden have been developed here in a wetland conservation project of the Dunedin Environment Centre Trust.[3] This land was originally intended for a highway.[citation needed]
The stream is piped through the suburb of Kaikorai, past the Kaikorai Presbyterian Church and beneath social housing built on the former Kaikorai Cable Car depot. It continues partly in open stream but mainly in pipes up to 100 years old maintained by Dunedin City Council through private residential property.[4]
The Kaikorai Stream culvert is joined by tributaries from Halfway Bush, then empties into the much larger Fraser's Creek.
Fraser's Creek
Fraser's Creek provides the bulk of the Kaikorai Stream's flow, and superficially appears to be the "main" river. Excess water (brought here by pipeline from Deep Stream in the Taieri River catchment) is discharged from a city water reservoir.[5] This spilling has taken place since the mid 1970s, providing a source of cool, clear water of high quality that would otherwise not be available in the Kaikorai catchment. In dry weather, about two thirds of the flow of the Kaikorai Stream comes from this outflow.[1] Fraser's Creek flows through Fraser's Gully, a popular recreation reserve clad in native bush.
Lower river
From the confluence the Kaikorai Stream flows southwest down the wide Kaikorai Valley through the suburbs of Bradford and Kenmure. At Bradford the stream flows through the Roslyn Woollen Mills, a former textile mill where according to legend the colour of blankets being made could be determined by the hue of the river water.[2]
Pupils of the adjacent Kaikorai Valley College use the stream for outdoor education, studying water quality and flow, learning fly fishing and monitoring waste water.[6]
Many industries in Kaikorai Valley discharge waste water into the stream.[2] The industrial area here is one of the few stretches of river with esplanade reserves (providing public access) along its banks.[7]
At Burnside the river turns west through Green Island, mainly in a channel lined with concrete alongside the Dunedin Southern Motorway.
Below Green Island, the stream is joined by major tributary Abbots Creek then resumes a southwest course, reaching the Pacific Ocean at Waldronville, where its outflow is a lagoon, the Kaikorai Estuary. This lagoon is part of a research project aimed at establishing a national estuarine monitoring protocol. It is inhabited by black swans, and spoonbills are also sometimes observed.
Though only a short stream some 18 kilometres (11 mi) in length, it has been important to the industrial history of Dunedin. Many local industries have used power from the stream, most notably the Roslyn Mills.
Flora and fauna
Native aquatic animals in the stream include whitebait, freshwater crayfish (koura), giant kokopu, longfinned and shortfinned eels and freshwater mussels.[8]
In 1987, the Otago Regional Council launched a streamscape restoration programme which included restoration of riparian vegetation and public access to parts of the stream.[8] In 1996 the Dunedin City Council redeveloped its sanitary landfill at Green Island to reduce leachate in the Kaikorai Stream, while in the same year the Dunedin Environment Centre began restoration work at four sites along the stream.[8]
Pollution
In 1849 settler Samual Woolley described the stream as of the 'purest water."[8] In 1907 The Otago Daily Times described the Kaikorai Stream as "a long continuous sewer" and "a sanitary scandal."[9] A century later, the paper described the stream as a "little battler".[1] while an Otago Regional Councillor described this and other Dunedin streams' water quality as "basically crap."[10] The pollution was, to a large extent, the result of the heavy industrialisation of the lower course of the stream, particularly around Burnside, which was the site of a freezing works and cement factory. Other industries which used the streams waters in the early days of Dunedin's settlement included tanneries, stockyards, a flour mill, Kempthorne Prosser's chemical plant, and the Otago Iron Rolling Mills.[11]
The water quality worsens as the stream gets closer to the sea.[12] Macroinvertebrates found in the estuary indicate the water is degraded, while more sensitive species exist near Kaikorai Valley College and the situation improves further upstream.[12]
Major pollution events include an accidental spill of lime from the Dunedin City Council water treatment plant at Mount Grand in 2000 which "killed all aquatic life" including 1000 trout,[13] for which the council was fined NZD14 000[14] and a discharge of cooking oil from a KFC restaurant in 2011[15] for which Restaurant Brands was fined NZD15 000[16]
Geology
The stream cuts through late Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary and igneous rocks and Quaternary floodplain conglomerate and colluvium. In the area of Kaikorai Valley College the bedrock is the Altonian (Lower Miocene) (c.17 Ma millions years ago) Caversham Sandstone.[17]
45°56′S 170°23′E / 45.933°S 170.383°E
Name
The name 'Kaikorai' is a corruption of 'kai karae', Māori for 'eating petrels', referring to a Māori explorer whose party is said to have eaten these seabirds while camping at the mouth of the stream.[18] The stream does not have an official name[19] but "official" maps name Fraser's Creek as Kaikorai Stream and do not give any label to the watercourse through Balmacewen.[20] A Land Information New Zealand report on misspelt names suggests the name "should be Kaikarae"[21]
See also
- Water of Leith, Dunedin's other principal urban river
References
- ^ a b c McMillan, Simon "Important to protect little battler stream" Otago Daily Times 2004-06-23 (The term 'battler' was chosen by headline writer, not the author.)
- ^ a b c Norris, Joanna "The tale of a waterway abused" in Otago Daily Times 2004-07-03
- ^ Dunedin Environment Centre website, viewed 2013-07-29
- ^ Mike Scott 'Hole lot of relief as repairs start' in Otago Daily Times newspaper, 2004-12-02 p4
- ^ Flow page on Kaikorai Valley College stream website, viewed 2013-07-29
- ^ Craig Borley: 'Pupils join fight to help stream', Otago Daily Times newspaper, 2007-12-05 p5
- ^ Allison Rudd 'Kaikorai Stream change approved' in Otago Daily Times 2005-02-05
- ^ a b c d Paul Smith, Bill Dacker, Donald McPherson Water like Wine: a history of the Kaikorai Valley and Stream The Toitu Publishing Trust, 2002 - Kaikorai (Dunedin, N.Z.)
- ^ Otago Daily Times 1907-02-07, p6, viewable at Otago Daily Times , Putanga 13821, 7 Huitanguru 1907, Page 6 page on Papers Past website, viewed 2013-07-29
- ^ Dunedin waterways 'basically crap' on Otago Daily Times website, viewed 2013-07-29
- ^ Kaikorai Stream European Settlement (part 2) page on Kaikorai Valley College website, viewed 2013-07-30
- ^ a b Simon McMillan, quoted in Joanna Norris 'Sustainable future council's dream for stream' Otago Daily Times 2004-07-03
- ^ "Lime spill kills life in stream" in Otago Daily Times2000-10-27
- ^ "Council pledges no repeat of spill" in Otago Daily Times, 2001-03-09
- ^ "Kaikorai Valley KFC oil spill" on 39 Dunedin Television, 2011-10-11
- ^ "Fast food giant fined over fat spill into city stream" on Otago Daily Times website, 2012-04-05
- ^ Kaikorai Stream Geology page on Kaikorai Valley College website, viewed 2013-07-29
- ^ Background on Kaikorai Valley College Kaikorai Stream website, viewed 2013-08-10
- ^ "This name is not official - this feature does not have an official name. Status: Recorded. History/Origin/Meaning: Feature shown on: NZMS260 I44 J44 Edition 2 1987."New Zealand Gazetteer: Search for Place Names on Land Information New Zealand website, viewed 2013-08-10
- ^ For example, New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey NZMS260 I44 J44 Edition 2 1987
- ^ Whanganui Place Name Report - Duplication, Common Usage & Examples of Other Misspelt Place Names on Land Information New Zealand website, viewed 2013-08-10
External links
- Kaikorai Stream website maintained by Kaikorai Valley College
Further reading
- Smith, Paul, Bill Dacker and Donald McPherson, Water like Wine: a history of the Kaikorai Valley and Stream The Toitu Publishing Trust, 2002 - Kaikorai (Dunedin, N.Z.)
- Norris, Joanna, "The tale of a waterway abused" Otago Daily Times 2004-07-03