Kamaiya and kamlari

Kamaiya and Kamlari (also called Kamalari) were two traditional systems of bonded labour practised in the western Terai of Nepal.^[1] Both were abolished after protests, in 2000 and 2006 respectively.^[2]

History

The system of bonded labour existed in Nepal since the 18th century; following the unification of Nepal, members of the ruling elite received land grants in the Terai and were entitled to collect revenue from those who cultivated the land.^[3]

The Kamaiya system bonds males to labour, and the Kamlari system bonds females.

Kamaiya system

Traditionally, people without land or work could get loans from landowners allowing them to sustain a minimum livelihood. In exchange to this, they had to live and work on the landowner's land as quasi slaves. Exorbitant debts were charged, and whole families were forced to slave labour for years and even generations, bonded by indebtedness to the landowner and bonded by unequal social relations to sell labour in lieu of the loan taken.^[4]

Following the eradication of malaria in the Terai region in the 1950-60s, the large influx of hill migrants marginalized traditionally landowning Tharu people by occupying their lands. While the Tharus had no records of the land they were cultivating, the settlers registered the land in their name, forcing the Tharus to work as agricultural labourers. The customary practice of obtaining a "helping hand for family business" was gradually replaced by the forced labour system called Kamaiya, which in Tharu parlance is tantamount to hardworking hired farm labour.^[4] The Kamaiya system existed in particular in western Nepal and affects especially the Tharu people and Dalits.

Kamlari system

In its modern form, girls and young women are sold by their parents into indentured servitude under contract for periods of one year with richer, higher-caste buyers, generally from outside their villages.^[5] In 2006, the Supreme Court of Nepal affirmed that this practice known as Kamlari is illegal.^[6]

Abolition

Increasing protests against the Kamaiya system, organized by the "Kamaiya movement", led to its abolition in 2000. On 17 July that year, the Government of Nepal announced the Kamaiya system be banned, all Kamaiyas be freed and their debts be cancelled.^[4] Although most Kamaiya families were freed, the system has persisted. Many Kamaiyas were evicted by their former landlords and released into poverty without any support. Others received land that was unproductive.^[7]

To alleviate the poverty of the affected people – the main cause of the system – rehabilitation and distribution of land were promised to ex-Kamaiya families. To put action behind the attempts to discuss the land issue with the government, the ex-Kamaiyas started occupying land in Kailali and Bardiya districts in the winter of 2005-06.^[7] But a decade after being liberated, the freed Kamaiyas are forced to live a very difficult life as the government has still not fulfilled its promises of providing a proper rehabilitation and relief package.^[8]

Various charitable organizations have mitigated the Kamlari practice by offering grants larger than prospective masters to families who promise not to sell their daughters, as well as funds for the girls' education.^[5]

References

^ Fujikura, T. (2001). "Emancipation of Kamaiyas: Development, Social Movement, and Youth Activism in Post-Jana Andolan Nepal". Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies. 21 (1): 29–35.
^ Pyakuryal, K.N. (2011). "Emerging from Landlessness, Poverty, and Food Insecurity Circles in Nepal: The Legislative Approach" (PDF). Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Economics 1 (1): 26−36.
^ Regmi, R. R. (1994). "Deforestation and rural society in the Nepalese Terai" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology (4): 72–89.
^ ^a ^b ^c World Organization Against Torture (2006). "The Kamaiya System of Bonded Labour in Nepal" (PDF). A study prepared by the World Organization Against Torture for the International Conference Poverty, Inequality and Violence: is there a human rights response? Geneva, 4–6 October 2005. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Meredith May (8 February 2009). "Olga's Girls". San Francisco Chronicle.
^ Pradhan, S. (2006). "Nepal: Land Reforms, Key to Social Harmony". IPS.
^ ^a ^b "Kamaiya: Slavery and Freedom in Nepal". MS Nepal. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Freed Kamaiyas still live difficult lives a decade after being liberated". nepalnews.com. 18 July 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

Literature

Anita Cheria (2005) Liberation is not enough: the kamaiya movement in Nepal. ActionAid Nepal, Kathmandu 2005 ISBN 99946-800-2-1, ISBN 978-99946-800-2-3
Giri, B.R. (2012) ‘The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Musahar and Tharu Communities’ Assessments of the Haliya and Kamaiya Labour Contracts,’ Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 4(2): 518-551.
Giri, B.R. (2011) ‘The Bonded Labor System in Nepal: Exploring Haliya and Kamaiya Children’s Lifeworlds,’ in: A. Guneratne (ed.) The Tarai: History, Society, Environment, pp. 101–110, Lalitpur, Nepal: Himal Books.
Giri, B.R. (2010) The Haliya and Kamaiya Bonded Child Labourers in Nepal, in G. Craig (ed.), Child Slavery Now, pp. 227–241, Bristol (UK): Policy Press.
Giri, B.R. (2010) ‘The Bonded Labour Practice in Nepal: "The Promise of Education" as a Magnet of Child Bondedness?’ South Asia Research, 30(2): 145-64
Giri, B.R. (2009) ‘The Bonded Labour System in Nepal: Perspectives of Haliya and Kamaiya Child Workers,’ Journal of Asian and African Studies, 44(6): 599-623.
Giri, B.R. (2007) ‘Modern Slavery,’ in: R. Ennals (ed.) From Slavery to Citizenship, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 257–261.
Peter Lowe, Vinaya Kasajoo (2001) Kamaiya: Slavery and Freedom in Nepal. Mandala Book Point, in association with Danish Association for International Co-operation (MS Nepal), Kathmandu ISBN 99933-1-011-5, ISBN 978-99933-1-011-2 Mandala Book Point: About the book

External links

[1] Fujikura, T. (2001). "Emancipation of Kamaiyas: Development, Social Movement, and Youth Activism in Post-Jana Andolan Nepal". Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies. 21 (1): 29–35.

[2] Pyakuryal, K.N. (2011). "Emerging from Landlessness, Poverty, and Food Insecurity Circles in Nepal: The Legislative Approach" (PDF). Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Economics 1 (1): 26−36.

[3] Regmi, R. R. (1994). "Deforestation and rural society in the Nepalese Terai" (PDF). Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology (4): 72–89.

[omct06-4] World Organization Against Torture (2006). "The Kamaiya System of Bonded Labour in Nepal" (PDF). A study prepared by the World Organization Against Torture for the International Conference Poverty, Inequality and Violence: is there a human rights response? Geneva, 4–6 October 2005. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[chron-5] Meredith May (8 February 2009). "Olga's Girls". San Francisco Chronicle.

[IPS-6] Pradhan, S. (2006). "Nepal: Land Reforms, Key to Social Harmony". IPS.

[msnepal-7] "Kamaiya: Slavery and Freedom in Nepal". MS Nepal. Archived from the original on 2006-09-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[nepalnews-8] "Freed Kamaiyas still live difficult lives a decade after being liberated". nepalnews.com. 18 July 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2016.

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