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Kevin Downard is a British - Australian academic scientist whose research specialises in the improving responses to infectious disease through the application and development of mass spectrometry and other molecular approaches in the life and medical sciences. Downard has over 35 years of experience in the field and has written 150 lead-author scientific peer-reviewed journal publications, and two books including a textbook[1] for the Royal Society of Chemistry and the first book to be published on the role of mass spectrometry in the study of protein interactions.[2]

Education

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Downard was awarded his Ph.D. degree from the University of Adelaide in South Australia where he received the inaugural Donald Stranks fellowship.

Career

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A major focus of his research is to arrest the impact of infectious disease causing viruses. For some 25 years, he has led the development of new mass spectrometry, bioinformatics and computer-aided approaches to characterise respiratory viruses and is an international leader in this field. He has developed approaches to type, subtype,[3] study the lineage, antigenicity,[4] and evolution[5][6] of the influenza virus[7] and other respiratory biopathogens,[8] including SARS CoV-2,[9][10][11] and has identified and investigated the molecular basis of new antiviral enzyme inhibitors, to help arrest the impact of infectious diseases on human health.[12] His laboratory has led Australia's response to the SARS-CoV2 virus with mass spectrometry since 2020.

Downard held a post-doctoral fellowship from 1991 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to advance protein sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. He led the laboratory's early implementation of electrospray ionization (ESI) on a high end, four sector mass spectrometer and investigated subtleties of tandem mass spectra to help advance this application [13] He remained at MIT as the Assistant Director of the former National Institutes of Health Mass Spectrometry Research Resource at MIT before leading his own research laboratories in the United States and Australia over the past 25 years. During this time, he has developed new proteotyping approaches to study viruses, viral proteins,[14] and protein structures and interactions more generally to advance the application of MS in biology and medicine.[15] In recent years, he has developed a new mass (i.e. numbers) based molecular phylogenetics approach (referred to as "phylonumerics") that avoids the need for sequence data or sequence alignments[16] and has been applied to a range of evolutionary biology applications.[17]

His laboratory was the first to demonstrate the preservation (in 1999)[18] of large macromolecular complexes on conventional Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) targets for their indirect detection, later referred to as Intensity fading MALDI mass spectrometry by others.[19] He also co-developed protein footprinting experiments, in the same year, employing radicals to study protein structures and was the first to apply the technique to study protein complexes.[20]

Honours and other service

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Downard has been internationally recognised for his research having received awards from both American (ASMS 1999) and British (2016) mass spectrometry societies. He has received four international fellowships from the Australian Academy of Science and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He convened and chaired the second Sir Mark Oliphant Conference on Proteomics in 2003 and the largest biennial Australian mass spectrometry conference in 2009[21] after serving on the Executive MS Committee for 7 years (2002-2005 & 2007-2009). He has been active in promoting the importance of research in his field and the history of mass spectrometry and its pioneers[22][23] for which he received the Moran award from the Australian Academy of Science in 2006. His activities have been highlighted in scientific journals in the analytical sciences, scientific web resources, and in the media including interviews with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC Australia). He has served on a range of national science, expert panel and professional society committees. He held the role of Biotechnology Program Director for almost a decade and was a founding executive member and advisor to the Sydney Emerging Infectious Disease and Biosecurity Institute. He has collaborated with a range of industry partners in the biotechnology and analytical science sector.

References

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  1. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2004). Mass Spectrometry A Foundation Course. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. doi:10.1039/9781847551306. ISBN 978-0-85404-609-6.
  2. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2007). Downard, Kevin M (ed.). Mass Spectrometry of Protein Interactions. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. doi:10.1002/9780470146330. ISBN 9780470146330.
  3. ^ Schwahn, Alexander B.; Wong, Jason W. H.; Downard, Kevin M. (May 2009). "Subtyping of the Influenza Virus by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 81 (9): 3500–3506. doi:10.1021/ac900026f. PMID 19402721.
  4. ^ Morrissey, Bethny; Downard, Kevin M. (April 2006). "A proteomics approach to survey the antigenicity of the influenza virus by mass spectrometry". Proteomics. 6 (7): 2034–2041. doi:10.1002/pmic.200500642. PMID 16502471. S2CID 29117699.
  5. ^ Lun, Aaron T.; Swaminathan, Kavya; Wong, Jason W.; Downard, Kevin M. (April 2013). "Mass trees: a new phylogenetic approach and algorithm to chart evolutionary history with mass spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry. 85 (11): 5475–5482. doi:10.1021/ac4005875. PMID 23647083.
  6. ^ Akand, Elma H.; Downard, Kevin M. (2017). "Mutational Analysis Employing a Phylogenetic Mass Tree Approach in a Study of the Evolution of the Influenza Virus". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 112: 209–217. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.005. PMID 28400275.
  7. ^ Akand, Elma H.; Downard, Kevin M. (2018). "Identification of Epistatic Mutations and Insights into the Evolution of the Influenza Virus Using a Mass-Based Protein Phylogenetic Approach". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 121: 132–138. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.009. PMID 29337273.
  8. ^ Nyugen, An P.; Downard, Kevin M. (2013). "Proteotyping of the Parainfluenza Virus with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry". Anal. Chem. 85 (2): 1097–1105. doi:10.1021/ac302962u. PMID 23234308.
  9. ^ Dollman, NL.; Griffin, JH.; Downard, KM. (2020). "Detection, Mapping and Proteotyping of SARS CoV-2 Coronavirus with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry". ACS Infect. Dis. 6 (12): 3269–3276. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00664. PMC 7688050. PMID 33205948.
  10. ^ Griffin, JH.; Downard, KM. (2021). "Mass Spectrometry Analytical Responses to the SARS-CoV2 Coronavirus in Review". Trends Anal. Chem. 142: 1163286. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2021.116328. ISSN 0165-9936. PMC 8111885. PMID 33994605.
  11. ^ Mann, C.; Griffin, JH.; Downard, KM. (2021). "Detection and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus variants of concern with mass spectrometry". Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 413 (29): 7241–7249. doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03649-1. PMC 8445501. PMID 34532764.
  12. ^ Müller, P.; Downard, KM. (2015). "Catechins Inhibit Influenza Neuraminidase and its Molecular Basis with Mass Spectrometry". J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 111: 222–230. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.014. PMID 25910046.
  13. ^ Downard, Kevin M.; Biemann, Klaus (1994). "The effect of charge state and the localization of charge on the collision-induced dissociation of peptide ions". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 5 (11): 966–975. doi:10.1016/1044-0305(94)80015-4. ISSN 1044-0305. PMID 24226386.
  14. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2013). "Proteotyping for the rapid identification of influenza virus and other biopathogens". Chemical Society Reviews. 42 (22): 8584–8595. doi:10.1039/c3cs60081e. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 23632861.
  15. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2006). "Ions of the interactome: The role of MS in the study of protein interactions in proteomics and structural biology". Proteomics. 6 (20): 5374–5384. doi:10.1002/pmic.200600247. ISSN 1615-9853. PMID 16991196. S2CID 41482326.
  16. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2020). "Sequence-Free Phylogenetics with Mass Spectrometry". Mass Spectrom. Rev. 41 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1002/mas.21658. PMID 33169385. S2CID 226295381.
  17. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2020). "Darwin's Tree of Life is Numbered. Resolving the Origins of Species by Mass". Evol. Biol. 47 (4): 325–333. doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09517-7. S2CID 226326027.
  18. ^ Kiselar, Janna G.; Downard, Kevin M. (1999). "Direct Identification of Protein Epitopes by Mass Spectrometry without Immobilization of Antibody and Isolation of Antibody−Peptide Complexes". Analytical Chemistry. 71 (9): 1792–1801. doi:10.1021/ac9811120. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 10330909.
  19. ^ Downard, Kevin M. (2016). "Indirect study of non-covalent protein complexes by MALDI mass spectrometry: Origins, advantages, and applications of the "intensity-fading" approach"". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 35 (5): 559–573. Bibcode:2016MSRv...35..559D. doi:10.1002/mas.21480. PMID 26250984.
  20. ^ Maleknia, Simin D.; Downard, Kevin M. (March 2014). "Advances in Radical Probe Mass Spectrometry for Protein Footprinting in Chemical Biology Applications". Chemical Society Reviews. 43 (10): 3244–3258. doi:10.1039/C3CS60432B. PMID 24590115.
  21. ^ ANZSMS 22: 22nd Biennial Mass Spectrometry Conference in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney, Australia. 2009.
  22. ^ Downard, Kevin (2007). "Historical Account: Francis William Aston: the man behind the mass spectrograph". European Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 13 (1): 177–90. doi:10.1255/ejms.878. PMID 17881785. S2CID 25747367.
  23. ^ Downard, Kevin (2022). "Building Australia's first mass spectrometer: Recognising the achievements of J. Roger Bird". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 57 (10): e4887. doi:10.1002/jms.4887. PMID 36217294.
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