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Lancelot-Grail

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The Lancelot-Grail, also known as the Prose Lancelot, the Vulgate Cycle, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle, is a major source of Arthurian legend written in French. It is a series of five prose volumes that tell the story of the quest for the Holy Grail and the romance of Lancelot and Guinevere. The major parts are early 13th century, but scholarship has few definitive answers as to the authorship. An attribution to Walter Map is discounted, since he died too early to be the author.

The Vulgate Cycle adds an intriguing dimension to the King Arthur tradition, perpetuating Christian themes by expanding on tales of the Holy Grail and recounting the quests of the Grail knights. During this period, material takes on even more historical and religious overtones with tales that include and deal both in the death of Arthur and Merlin (drawing all the way back to Nennius's Historia Brittonum).

The Vulgate Cycle combines elements of the Old Testament with the birth of Merlin, whose magical origins are consistent with those told by Robert de Boron, as the son of a devil and a human mother who repents her sins and is baptized. Merlin is transformed into a prophet and given the ability of seeing future events by God.

The Vulgate Cycle was subject to a 13th-century revision in which much was left out and much added. The resulting text, referred to as the "Post-Vulgate Cycle", was an attempt to create greater unity in the material, and to de-emphasise the secular love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere. It omits almost all of the Vulgate's Lancelot Proper section, but includes characters and scenes from the Prose Tristan. This version of the cycle was one of the most important sources of Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.

Sections

The work is divided into five sections. The last three were actually the first to be written, starting in the 1210s. The first two came later, around the 1230s.

  • The Estoire del Saint Grail (The History of the Holy Grail), about Joseph of Arimathea and his son Josephus bringing the Grail to Britain (mostly derived from Robert de Boron).
  • The Estoire de Merlin (also called the Vulgate or Prose Merlin), about Merlin and the early history of Arthur. This can be divided into:
    • Merlin propre (or "Merlin Proper" from Robert de Boron's Merlin.[1][2]
    • Vulgate Suite du Merlin (or the "Vulgate Merlin Continuation", also called Livre d'Artus by Sommer[3]) adding more of Arthur's early adventures.
  • The Lancelot propre (Lancelot Proper), the longest section, making up half of the entire cycle. It concerns the adventures of Lancelot and the other Knights of the Round Table, and the affair between Lancelot and Guinevere.
  • The Queste del Saint Graal (Quest for the Holy Grail), about the Grail Quest and its completion by Galahad.
  • The Mort Artu (Death of Arthur), about the king's death at the hands of Mordred and the collapse of the kingdom.

The work was soon followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle, a work based on the Vulgate but differing from it in many respects.

Manuscripts

The Lancelot-Graal project website (see External links) lists close to 150 manuscripts in French, some fragmentary, others, such as British Library, Additional MS 10292-4 containing the entire cycle. The earliest copies are of French origin and date from 1220–30, soon after the estimated date of composition of the work.

Numerous copies were produced in French throughout the remainder of the 13th, 14th and well into the 15th centuries in France, England and Italy, as well as translations into other European languages. Some of the manuscripts are beautifully illuminated: British Library, Royal MS 14 E III, produced in Northern France in the early 14th century contains over 100 miniatures with gilding throughout and decorated borders at the beginning of each section. It was once owned by King Charles V of France.

Other manuscripts were made for less wealthy owners and contain very little or no decoration, for example British Library MS Royal 19 B VII, produced in England, also in the early 14th century, with initials in red and blue marking sections in the text and larger decorated initials at chapter-breaks.

Very few copies of the entire Lancelot-Grail Cycle survive. Perhaps because it was so vast, copies were made of parts of the legend which may have suited the tastes of certain patrons. For instance, British Library Royal 14 E III (see above) contains the sections which deal with the Grail and religious themes, omitting the middle section, which relates Lancelot's chivalric exploits.

See §Manuscripts online for a list of manuscript images available online.

Editions

William Wistar Comfort published in 1911 his translation of Arthurian Romances.[4]

In 1969, Penguin Classics published a translation into English by Pauline Matarasso of the Queste,[5] followed in 1971 with a translation by James Cable of the Mort Artu.[6]

Oskar Sommer

H. Oskar Sommer published the entire Vulgate cycle in 7 volumes in the years 1908-1916. The base text used was the British Library Additional mss. 10292-10294. It is however not a critical edition, but a composite text, where variant readings from alternate manuscripts are unreliably demarcated using square brackets.[7]

Sommer's has been the only complete cycle published,[8] but a new Pleiadés series edition is planned.[7]

  • Sommer, Heinrich Oskar (1909). Lestoire del Saint Graal. Vol. 1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1908). Lestoire de Merlin. Vol. 2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1910). Le livre de Lancelot del Lac (1). Vol. 3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1911). Le livre de Lancelot del Lac (2). Vol. 4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1912). Le livre de Lancelot del Lac (3). Vol. 5. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1913). Les aventures ou la queste del Saint Graal. La mort le roi Artus. Vol. 6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1913). Supplement: Le livre d'Artus, with glossary. Vol. 7. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Sommer (1916). Index of names and places to volumes I-VII. Vol. 8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Norris J. Lacy

The first full English translations of the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles were overseen by Norris J. Lacy. Volumes 1–4 contain the Vulgate Cycle proper.

  • Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.). Lancelot–Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation, New York: Garland.
    • Volume 1 of 5 (December 1, 1992). ISBN 0-8240-7733-4: Estoire del Saint Grail and Estoire de Merlin.
      • Chase, Carol J. (trans.) (1992). The History of the Holy Grail. and Pickens, Rupert T. (trans.) (1992). The Story of Merlin.
    • Volume 2 of 5 (August 1, 1993). ISBN 0-8153-0746-2: Lancelot, parts 1 and 2.
    • Volume 3 of 5 (March 1, 1995). ISBN 0-8153-0747-0: Queste.
    • Volume 4 of 5 (April 1, 1995). ISBN 0-8153-0748-9: Post-Vulgate part 1.
    • Volume 5 of 5 (May 1, 1996). ISBN 0-8153-0757-8: Post Vulgate part 2.

Manuscripts online

Digital images of a number of manuscripts of the Lancelot Grail are available online at the following locations:

Paris

The Bibliothèque Nationale de France "Gallica" website lists 10 Lancelot-Grail manuscripts of this work and others containing Arthurian texts, with links to each manuscript.

Other manuscripts with images online are:

France, other libraries
London

Two British Library manuscripts are fully digitised:

Oxford

For other manuscripts in the British Library collections, descriptions and images are available in the Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts:

Europe, other locations
USA

References

Citations
  1. ^ Only the beginning portion of Boron's poem has survived, but there are prose-redacted copies.
  2. ^ Merlin Proper appearing in "Micha's 1980 edition",Pickens (1994), p. 108 Micha's edition being the Merlin part of Boron's trilogy.Pickens (1994), p. 100 and note 9
  3. ^ Pickens (1994), p. 108.
  4. ^ "William Wistar Comfort Papers 1867-1941". Haverford College. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  5. ^ penguinrandomhouse.com "The Quest of the Holy Grail"
  6. ^ penguin.co.uk: "The Death of King Arthur"
  7. ^ a b Speer, Mary B (2013). Abbreviation in La Mort le roi Artu. Routledge. p. 221. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Burns (1995), p. 1829.
Additional bibliography
  • Burns, E. Jane (1995), Kibler, William W. (ed.), "Vulgate Cycle", Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, Garland, pp. 1829–1831
  • Corrie, Marilyn. "Self-determination in the post-vulgate suite du Merlin and Malory's le Morte d'Arthur". Medium Aevum. 73.2 (2004): 273–89.
  • Goodman, Jennifer R. The Legend of Arthur in British and American Literature. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988.
  • Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (2000). The Lancelot–Grail Reader. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8153-3419-2.
  • Kennedy, Elspeth (1986). Lancelot and the Grail: A Study of the Prose Lancelot. Clarendon Press.
  • Kennedy, Elspeth (1980). Lancelot Do Lac, the Non-Cyclic Old French Prose Romance, Two Volumes. Oxford.
  • Pickens, Rupert T. (1994), Kibler, William W. (ed.), "Autobiography and history in the Vulgate Estoire and in the Prose Merlin", The Lancelot-Grail Cycle: Text and Transformations, University of Texas Press, pp. 98–116


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