Yellow-lipped sea krait
| Yellow-lipped sea krait | |
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| Species: | L. colubrina
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| Laticauda colubrina (Schneider, 1799)
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Laticauda colubrina, commonly known as the banded sea krait, colubrine sea krait, or yellow-lipped sea krait, is a species of venomous sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters. It has distinctive black stripes and a yellow snout.
Description
- See snake scales for terms used
Ventrals are large (wide), one-third to more than half the width of the body; nostrils are lateral; nasals are separated by internasals; 21–25 longitudinal rows of imbricate dorsal scales are found at midbody; an azygous prefrontal shield is usually present; and the rostral is undivided.
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The body is subcylindrical, only slightly laterally compressed. The rostral is higher than broad; an azygous shield separates the prefrontals, but sometimes is absent; the frontal is considerably longer than its distance from the end of the snout; one preocular and two postoculars are present; there are 7–8 supralabials, the 3rd–4th touching the eye; temporals are 1+2; five infralabials are in contact with the genials, both pairs of which are usually well developed and in contact with one another, the anterior pair smaller than the posterior; a double series of elongated scales, the inner series the larger, occur at the oral margin. Dorsal scales are in 21–23 rows (rarely 25). Ventrals number 213 to 245, and are about four times as wide as long. Subcaudals in males number 37–47, and in females 29–35.[3]
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Total length: males 875 mm (34.4 in), females 1,420 mm (56 in); tail length: males 130 mm (5.1 in), females 145 mm (5.7 in).
In colour these snakes are light or dark bluish grey above, yellowish below, with black rings more or less of uniform width throughout or narrowing on the belly (some of them interrupted below). The upper lip is yellow, and the snout is yellow, the colour extending backward on each side of the head above the eye as far as the temporal shields, leaving a dark bar in between.The rest of the head is black.
Parasites
Banded sea kraits when collected near the tip of Borneo had heavy tick infections.[4]
Behavior
Banded sea kraits are often seen in large numbers in the company of hunting parties of giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) and goatfish. Their cooperative hunting technique is similar to that of the moray eel, with the kraits flushing out prey from narrow crevices and holes. Kraits need to drink fresh water and regularly come onto land for that purpose.
While probing crevices with their head and thus unable to observe approaching predators, banded sea kraits can fool their potential enemies to believe that their tail is the head. This is based on both colouration and tail movements, such that the lateral aspect of tail corresponds to the dorsal view of the head.[5][6]
Male banded sea kraits come ashore early in the evening and wait at the high tide line for the females. Female kraits are much larger and many males will escort and intertwine around a single female.
There are fewer recorded bites from this species compared to other venomous species such as cobras and vipers as it is less aggressive and tends to avoid humans.[7] If they bite, it is usually in self-defence when accidentally grabbed.[8] Many fishermen are bitten each year when they try to clear sea snakes from their nets.[9]
Range and habitat
The banded sea krait is a widespread species in eastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. It is found from eastern coast of India east through coasts of Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh, Mayanmar) and SE Asia to Malay Archipelago and to southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. Vagrant individuals have been recorded in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.[1]
Banded sea kraits rest and nest on rocky headlands and beaches of Sabah, Borneo. They can be seen in the wild at Pulau Tiga, the tip of Borneo and Mabul Island. They are, however, seen on many other rocky headlands around Sabah that are harder to access. Occasionally, they come ashore at Tanjung Aru close to Kota Kinabalu. They can be seen in captivity at The Green Connection, an aquarium in Kota Kinabalu.
See also
References
- ^ a b Template:IUCN
- ^ "Laticauda colubrina ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ Smith, M.A. (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). p. 443.
- ^ Clark, M.; Oakley, S. (2011). "Tick parasites on the sea snake Laticauda colubrina ". Popular account at: http://tracc-borneo.org/2011/03/sea-snake-parasites-1/, referenced May 2011.
- ^ Rasmussen, A.R.; Elmberg, J. (2009). "'Head for my tail': A new hypothesis to explain how venomous sea snakes avoid becoming prey". Marine Ecology. 30 (4): 385–390. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00318.x.
- ^ "Sea snake's two-headed illusion". BBC News. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ "Laticauda colubrina Colubrine or yellow-lipped sea krait". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
- ^ Karleskint, George; Small, James; Turner, Richard (2009). "Introduction to Marine Biology". Cengage Learning. p. 307. ISBN 9780495561972.
- ^ ClickLaXem (2012-07-11). "National Geographic Wild - Deadly Snakes". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
Further reading
- Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Platurus colubrinus, pp. 308-309).
- Das, I. 2002. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Laticauda colubrina, p. 56).
- Das, I. 2006. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-061-1. (Laticauda colubrina, p. 69).
- Frith, C.B. 1974. "Second record of the seasnake Laticauda colubrina in Thailand waters". Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. (Bangkok) 25: 209.
- Ota, Hidetoshi; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Kamezaki, Naoki. 1985. "On specimens of yellow lipped sea krait Laticauda colubrina from the Yaeyama group, Ryūkyū Archipelago". Snake 17: 156-159.
- Pernetta, J.C. 1977. "Observations on the habits and morphology of the sea snake Laticauda colubrina (Schneider) in Fiji". Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 1612-1619.
- Schneider JG. 1799. Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae Fasciculus Primus continens Ranas, Calamitas, Bufones, Salamandras et Hydros. Jena: F. Frommann. xiii + 264 pp. + corrigenda + Plate I. (Hydrus colubrinus, new species, pp. 238-240). (in Latin).
- Shetty, Sohan; Devi Prasad, K.V. 1996. "Geographic variation in the number of bands in Laticauda colubrina ". Hamadryad 21: 44-45.
- Shetty, S.; Shine, R. 2002. "The mating system of yellow-lipped sea kraits (Laticauda colubrina: Laticaudidae)". Herpetologica 58 (2): 170-180.
- Shetty, S.; Shine, R. 2002. "Sexual divergence in diets and morphology in Fijian sea snakes Laticauda colubrina (Laticaudinae)". Australian Ecology 27: 77-84.
- Stejneger, L. 1907. Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. United States National Museum Bulletin 58. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xx + 577 pp. (Laticauda colubrina, new combination, pp. 406-408).
- Voris, Harold K.; Voris, Helen H. 1999. "Commuting on the tropical tides: the life of the yellow-lipped sea krait Laticauda colubrina ". Reptilia (Great Britain) (6): 23-30.
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