Leaf warbler
Leaf warblers | |
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Western Bonelli's warbler Phylloscopus bonelli | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Phylloscopidae Alström et al. 2006 |
Genus: | Phylloscopus F. Boie, 1826 |
Species | |
More than 50 |
Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus. The genus was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826.[1][2] The name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, "leaf", and skopos, "seeker" (from skopeo, "to watch").[3]
Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the monogeneric family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 2006.[4] The genus is closely related to Seicercus and some species have been moved between the two genera in earlier classification attempts. Leaf warblers are active, constantly moving, often flicking their wings as they glean the foliage for insects along the branches of trees and bushes. They forage at various levels within forests, from the top canopy to the understorey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters. Most are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. Compared to some other "warblers", their songs are very simple. Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phylloscopus.jpg/220px-Phylloscopus.jpg)
Taxonomy
The genus includes eleven species that were formerly placed in the genus Seicercus, but a 2018 molecular phylogeny study indicated that the genus Seicercus is a synonym of Phylloscopus, leaving the family Phylloscopidae with a single genus, Phylloscopus.[5]
The genus contains 77 species:[6]
- Wood warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix
- Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli
- Eastern Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus orientalis
- Buff-barred warbler, Phylloscopus pulcher
- Ashy-throated warbler, Phylloscopus maculipennis
- Hume's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus humei
- Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus
- Brooks's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus subviridis
- Chinese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus yunnanensis
- Lemon-rumped warbler, Phylloscopus chloronotus
- Sichuan leaf warbler, Phylloscopus forresti
- Gansu leaf warbler, Phylloscopus kansuensis
- Pallas's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus
- Tytler's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tytleri
- Yellow-streaked warbler, Phylloscopus armandii
- Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi
- Sulphur-bellied warbler, Phylloscopus griseolus
- Tickell's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus affinis
- Alpine leaf warbler, Phylloscopus occisinensis
- Smoky warbler, Phylloscopus fuligiventer
- Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus
- Plain leaf warbler, Phylloscopus neglectus
- Buff-throated warbler, Phylloscopus subaffinis
- Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus
- Mountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus
- Canary Islands chiffchaff, Phylloscopus canariensis
- Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff, Phylloscopus canariensis exsul (extinct: 1986?)
- Western Canary Islands chiffchaff, Phylloscopus canariensis canariensis
- Common chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita
- Iberian chiffchaff, Phylloscopus brehmii
- Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus
- Ijima's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ijimae
- Philippine leaf warbler, Phylloscopus olivaceus
- Lemon-throated leaf warbler, Phylloscopus cebuensis
- Yellow-throated woodland warbler, Phylloscopus ruficapilla
- Brown woodland warbler, Phylloscopus umbrovirens
- Red-faced woodland warbler, Phylloscopus laetus
- Laura's woodland warbler, Phylloscopus laurae
- Black-capped woodland warbler, Phylloscopus herberti
- Uganda woodland warbler, Phylloscopus budongoensis
- White-spectacled warbler, Phylloscopus intermedius – (previously Seicercus affinis)
- Grey-cheeked warbler, Phylloscopus poliogenys – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Green-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus burkii – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Grey-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus tephrocephalus – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Whistler's warbler, Phylloscopus whistleri – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Bianchi's warbler, Phylloscopus valentini – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Alström's warbler, Phylloscopus soror – (first described in 1999; previously placed in Seicercus)
- Martens's warbler, Phylloscopus omeiensis – (first described in 1999; previously placed in Seicercus)
- Green warbler, Phylloscopus nitidus
- Two-barred warbler, Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus
- Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides
- Emei leaf warbler, Phylloscopus emeiensis
- Large-billed leaf warbler, Phylloscopus magnirostris
- Sakhalin leaf warbler, Phylloscopus borealoides
- Pale-legged leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tenellipes
- Japanese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus xanthodryas
- Kamchatka leaf warbler, Phylloscopus examinandus
- Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis
- Chestnut-crowned warbler, Phylloscopus castaniceps – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Sunda warbler, Phylloscopus grammiceps – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Yellow-breasted warbler, Phylloscopus montis – (previously placed in Seicercus)
- Limestone leaf warbler, Phylloscopus calciatilis – (first described in 2009)
- Sulphur-breasted warbler, Phylloscopus ricketti
- Yellow-vented warbler, Phylloscopus cantator
- Western crowned warbler, Phylloscopus occipitalis
- Blyth's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus reguloides
- Claudia's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus claudiae
- Hartert's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus goodsoni
- Kloss's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus ogilviegranti – (formerly considered as a subspecies of Davison's leaf warbler)
- Hainan leaf warbler, Phylloscopus hainanus
- Davison's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus intensior – (previously white-tailed leaf warbler, Phylloscopus davisoni)
- Grey-hooded warbler, Phylloscopus xanthoschistos
- Mountain leaf warbler, Phylloscopus trivirgatus
- Negros leaf warbler, Phylloscopus nigrorum
- Timor leaf warbler, Phylloscopus presbytes
- Makira leaf warbler, Phylloscopus makirensis
- Sulawesi leaf warbler, Phylloscopus sarasinorum
- Kolombangara leaf warbler, Phylloscopus amoenus
- Island leaf warbler, Phylloscopus maforensis
References
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 221.
- ^ Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen Familien und Gattugen". Isis von Oken (in German). 19. col. 972.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Alström, P.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U.; Sundberg, P. (2006). "Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (2): 381–397. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015.
- ^ Alström, P.; et al. (2018). "Complete species-level phylogeny of the leaf warbler (Aves: Phylloscopidae) radiation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 126: 141–152. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.031.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Bushtits, leaf warblers, reed warblers". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Further reading
- Badyaev, Alexander V. & Leaf, Elizabeth S. (1997): "Habitat associations of song characteristics in Phylloscopus and Hippolais warblers". Auk 114(1): 40-46.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Leaf warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection