View source for Linguolabial consonant

{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip}}
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Linguolabial
| ipa symbol   = ◌̼
}}

'''Linguolabials''' or '''apicolabials'''<ref>The term ''apicolabial'' is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical.</ref> are [[consonant]]s [[place of articulation|articulated]] by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to [[retroflex consonant|subapical palatal]] places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in [[Vanuatu]], in the Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]] in Guinea-Bissau, in [[Umotína language|Umotína]] (a recently extinct [[Bororoan languages|Bororoan language]] of [[Brazil]]), and as [[Paralanguage|paralinguistic]] sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in [[disordered speech]], and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the [[extensions to the IPA]].

Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] by adding the "seagull"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=521}} diacritic, {{unichar|033C|COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, to the corresponding [[alveolar consonant]], or with the [[apical consonant|apical]] diacritic, {{unichar|033A|COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=200%}}, on the corresponding [[bilabial consonant]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |edition=2nd |title=[[Phonetic Symbol Guide]] |year=1996 |page=256 |isbn=9780226685366}} They note that the apical diacritic was added to the IPA after the linguolabial diacritic, and would have made the latter unnecessary.</ref>
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== Description ==
[[Image:Linguolabial stop.png|thumb|[[Sagittal section]] of linguolabial stop]]
Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of [[manners of articulation]] including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal).{{sfnp|Everett|1982}}{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|p=350}} Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.{{sfnp|Maddieson|1988|pp=364-367}}

==List of consonants==
{|class=wikitable
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | IPA<br /><small>(two transcriptions)</small>
! rowspan="2" | Description
! colspan="4" | Example
|-
! <small>Language</small>
! <small>Orthography</small>
! <small>IPA</small>
! <small>Meaning</small>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|n̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|m̺}}</big></big>
| [[linguolabial nasal]]
| [[Araki language|Araki]]
| {{lang|akr|'''m̈'''ana}}
| {{IPA|[n̼ana]}}
| "laugh"<ref>{{cite book |last=François|first=Alexandre|author-link=Alexandre François (linguist)|year=2002|title=Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu|publisher=Australian National University|series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=522 |location=Canberra|isbn=0-85883-493-6 |url=http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#02 |ref=grammar |pages=15, 270}}</ref><ref>[[Alexandre François (linguist)|A. François]], ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/m%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94m%CC%88ana entry ''m̈ana'']</ref><ref>Audio link: [https://doi.org/10.24397/pangloss-0002296#S75 excerpt from a text in Araki language] (sentence s75), showcasing the form {{lang|akr|m̈ana}} (source: [[Pangloss Collection|Pangloss]] archive).</ref>
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|t̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|p̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiceless linguolabial plosive]]
| [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]]
|{{lang|tgp|'''p̈'''e'''p̈'''e}}
| {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}}
| "butterfly"<ref name="LM199619">{{harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=19}}</ref>
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|d̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|b̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial plosive]]
| Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]]
|
| {{IPA|[nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}
| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|<sup>n̼</sup>d̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|<sup>m̺</sup>b̺}}</big></big>
| [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] [[voiced linguolabial plosive]]
| [[Vao language|Vao]]
|
| {{IPA|[na<sup>n̼</sup>d̼ak]}}
| "bow"<ref name="LM199619" />
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|θ̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|ɸ̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiceless linguolabial fricative]]
| [[Big Nambas language|Big Nambas]]
|
|  {{IPA|[ˈinɛθ̼]}}
|  "he is asthmatic"
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|ð̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|β̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial fricative]]
| [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]]
|{{lang|tgp|'''v̈'''atu}}
|  {{IPA|[ð̼atu]}}
|  "stone"<ref name="LM199619" />
|-
! <big><big>{{IPA|ɾ̼}}</big></big>
! <big><big>{{IPA|ⱱ̺}}</big></big>
| [[voiced linguolabial flap]]
| Kajoko dialect of [[Bijago language|Bijago]]
|
| {{IPA|[nɔ̀ɾ̼ɔ́ːɡ]}}
| "stone"{{sfnp|Olson|Reiman|Sabio|da Silva|2009|p=523}}
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|l̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[linguolabial lateral approximant]]
| (common in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɬ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[voiceless linguolabial lateral fricative]]
| (in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɮ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[voiced linguolabial lateral fricative]]
| (in [[disordered speech]])
|
|
|
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ɺ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"| —
| [[linguolabial lateral flap]] (uses lower lip)
| [[Piraha language|Piraha]] (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼])
| {{lang|myp|too'''g'''ixi}}
| {{IPA|[tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì]}}
| "hoe"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Everett |first1=Daniel Leonard |title=Phonetic rarities in Pirahã |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1982 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300002498 |jstor=44526660 |s2cid=143928460 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/44526660 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|r̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ʙ̺}}</big></big>
| [[linguolabial trill]]<br />(uses lower lip)
| [[Coatlán Zapotec language|Coatlán Zapotec]]
| (paralinguistic)
| {{IPA|r̼ʔ}}
| used as [[mimesis]] for a child's flatulence.<ref name=Azcona>{{cite web |first=Rosemary |last=Beam de Azcona |title=Sound Symbolism |url=http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |access-date=2008-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-23 }}</ref> <small>(similar to ''[[blowing a raspberry]]'', but involving only upper lip)</small>
|-
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ǀ̼}}</big></big> ''or'' <big><big>{{IPA|ʇ̼}}</big></big>
! text-align:center"|<big><big>{{IPA|ʘ̺}}</big></big>
| linguolabial click release (multiple consonants)
| [[Coatlán Zapotec language|Coatlán Zapotec]]
| (paralinguistic)
| {{IPA|kǀ̼}}
| used as mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water<ref name=Azcona/>
|}

==Linguolabials as a diachronic stage in sound shifts==
In Vanuatu, some of the [[Santo–Malekula languages]] have shifted historically from bilabial to [[alveolar consonant]]s via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages. 

While labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels in various languages (e.g. [[Tangoa language|Tangoa]], [[Araki language|Araki]], [[Nese language|Nese]]), the sound shift went further in languages such as [[Tolomako language|Tolomako]], which shifted the linguolabials to full alveolar consonants: *b > *[p] > ''p̈''  {{IPA|[t̼]}} > ''t'' [t]; *m > ''m̈'' {{IPA|[n̼]}} > ''n'' [n]. Thus, [[Proto-Oceanic language|POc]] *bebe {{gloss|butterfly}} > {{IPA|[t̼et̼e]}} (spelled {{lang|tgp|p̈ep̈e}} in Tangoa or in Araki<ref>A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/p%CC%88.htm#%E2%93%94p%CC%88ep%CC%88e entry ''p̈ep̈e'']</ref>) later became {{IPA|[tete]}} in Tolomako. Likewise, POc *tama {{gloss|father}} > {{IPA|[tan̼a]}} (cf. Tangoa {{lang|tgp|tam̈a}}, Araki {{lang|akr|ram̈a}}<ref>A. François, ''An online Araki-English-French dictionary''. Electronic publication: [https://marama.huma-num.fr/Lex/Araki/r%CC%84.htm#%E2%93%94r%CC%84am%CC%88a~ entry ''r̄am̈a'']</ref>) > Tolomako {{IPA|[tana]}}.

==See also==
* [[Place of articulation]]
* [[List of phonetics topics]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{SOWL}}
* {{cite book|last=Maddieson|first=Ian|year=1988|chapter=Linguo-labials|title=VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Part Two|place=Auckland|publisher=Linguistic Society of New Zealand|pages=349–375|editor1-last=Harlow|editor1-first=Ray|editor2-last=Hooper|editor2-first=Robin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Olson|first1=Kenneth|last2=Reiman|first2=D. William|last3=Sabio|first3=Fernando|last4=da Silva|first4=Filipe Alberto|year=2009|title=The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko|journal=Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society|number=1|volume=45|pages=519–530|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cls/pcls/2009/00000045/00000001/art00036}}

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[[Category:Place of articulation]]
[[Category:Linguolabial consonants]]