List of European species extinct in the Holocene
The list of extinct animals in Europe features the animals that have become extinct on the European continent and some in other dependent territories of European countries. While most of the animals in the recent Holocene have a human-caused extinction,[1] Pleistocene extinctions and early Holocene extinctions are contested. Some see them as human-caused while others as a product of climate change.
Pliocene extinctions moo
- Carmenelectra shechisme
- Mastodon, Mastodon borsoni
- Minorcan Giant Lagomorph, Nuralagus rex
Pleistocene extinctions
- Anancus, Anancus arvernensis, Mastodon of Auvergne
- Cave Bear, Ursus spelaeus
- Cave Hyena, Crocuta crocuta spelaea
- European cave lion, Panthera leo spelaea
- Cretan Dwarf Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus creutzburgi (Crete, Greece)
- Cyprus Dwarf Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus minor (Cyprus)
- Dwarf Elephants in the Mediterranean, Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) sp. (Several species on different islands.)
- Elasmotherium, Elasmotherium sibiricum
- Elephas antiquus, Straight-tusked elephant
- European Cardinal, Cardnialis olor
- European Blue Jay, Cyanocitta jorgei
- European Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus meridonalis
- European Ass, Equus hydruntinus
- European Coyote, Canis latrans jorus
- European Jaguar, Panthera onca gombaszoegensis
- Giant Swan, Cygnus falconeri
- Hippopotamus antiquus, European hippopotamus
- Homotherium, Homotherium latidens, Scimitar toothed cat
- Issoire Lynx, Lynx issiodorensis
- Woolly Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius
- Maltese Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus melitensis (Malta)
- Mammuthus meridionalis, Southern mammoth
- Sardinian Dhole, Cynotherium sardous (Sardinia)
- Sardinian Dwarf Mammoth, Mammuthus lamarmorae (Sardinia, Italy)
- Sicilian Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus pentlandi (Sicily, Italy)
- Steppe Mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii
- Narrow-nosed Rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus hemitoechus
- Tenerife Giant Rat, Canariomys bravoi (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain)
- Merck' s rhinoceros, Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis
- Woolly Rhinoceros, Coelodonta antiquitatis
Global Holocene extinctions
Mammals
- Eurasian Aurochs, Bos primigenius primigenius (1627, Poland)
- Balearic Giant Shrew, Nesiotites hidalgo (Majorca, Minorca, Spain)
- Balearic Islands Cave Goat, Myotragus balearicus (Balearic Islands)
- Caspian Tiger, Panthera tigris virgata (1960s, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan,northwest Turkey, southwest Russia, Ukraine)
- Caucasian Moose, Alces alces caucasicus (1810, Caucasus Mountains)
- Caucasian Wisent, Bison bonasus caucasicus (1927, Caucasus Mountains)
- Carpathian Wisent, Bison bonasus hungarorum (1790, Carpathian Mountains)
- Cretan Dwarf Megacerine, Candiacervus cretensis (Crete, Greece)
- European Ass or Encebra, Equus hydruntinus (15th century, Spain)
- European Lion, Panthera leo europaea (100 AD, Greece)
- Irish Elk, Megaloceros giganteus (c.5000 BC, Ural Mountains)
- Majorcan Giant Dormouse, Hypnomys morphaeus (Majorca, Spain)
- Majorcan Hare, Lepus granatensis solisi (1980s, Majorca, Spain)
- Minorcan Giant Dormouse, Hypnomys mahonensis (Minorca, Spain)
- Portuguese Ibex, Capra pyrenaica lusitanica (1892, Portugal)
- Pyrenean Ibex, Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica (2000 Spain)
- Sardinian Giant Shrew, Nesiotites similis (Sardinia, Italy)
- Sardinian Lynx, Lynx lynx sardiniae (Sardinia, Italy)
- Sardinian Pika, Prolagus sardus (1800, Sardinia, Italy)
- St Kilda House Mouse, Mus musculus muralis
- Tarpan, Equus ferus ferus (1880, Poland)
Birds
- Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis (1844, Iceland)
- Ibiza Rail, Rallus eivissensis (c. 5000 BC, Ibiza, Spain)
- Pied Raven, Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus (1948, Faroe Islands)
Reptiles
- Ratas Island Lizard, Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi (1950, Minorca, Spain)
- Santo Stefano Lizard, Podarcis sicula sanctistephani (1965, Santo Stefano Island, Italy)
Fish
- Coregonus fera (1950)
- Coregonus gutturosus (1960 or 1992)
- Coregonus hiemalis (1920 or 1950)
- Coregonus oxyrhynchus
- Coregonus restrictus (1900)
- Coregonus vandesius vandesius (1970)
- Chondrostoma scodrense[2]
Insects
- Tobias' caddisfly, Hydropsyche tobiasi (1938, Germany)
- Maculinea alcon arenaria, Dutch subspecies of the Dutch Alcon Blue 1979, Netherlands
- Perrin's cave beetle, Siettitia balsetensis (France)
- Lycaena dispar dispar, the British subspecies of the Large Copper, 1851, United Kingdom
- Plebejus argus masseyi, a British subspecies of the Silver-studded Blue, United Kingdom
- Maculinea teleius burdigalensis, French subspecies of the Scarce Large Blue, France
Molluscs
22 species and 3 subspecies of gastropods are extinct in Europe since the year 1500.[3] No species of bivalves are known to be extinct in Europe since 1500.[3]
- Belgrandia varica (J. Paget, 1854),[3] already said CR on IUCN Red List [4]
- Belgrandiella boetersi (P. Reischutz & Falkner, 1998) = Belgrandiella intermedia (Austria)[3]
- Bythiospeum pfeifferi (Clessin, 1890)[3]
- Discula lyelliana (R. T. Lowe, 1852)[3]
- Discula tetrica (R. T. Lowe, 1862)[3]
- Discus engonatus (Shuttleworth, 1852)[3]
- Discus retextus (Shuttleworth, 1852)[3]
- Discus textilis (Shuttleworth, 1852)[3]
- Geomitra delphinuloides (R. T. Lowe 1860)[3]
- Geomitra grabhami (Wollaston, 1878)[3]
- Graecoanatolica macedonica Radoman & Stankovic, 1979 - (Lake Dorjan, Macedonia, Greece)[3]
- Gyralina hausdorfi Riedel, 1990[3]
- Janulus pompylius (Shuttleworth, 1852)[3]
- Keraea garachicoensis (Wollaston, 1878)[3]
- Leiostyla abbreviata (R. T. Lowe, 1852)[3]
- Leiostyla gibba (R. T. Lowe, 1852)[3]
- Leiostyla lamellosa (R. T. Lowe, 1852)[3]
- Ohridohauffenia drimica (Radoman, 1964) - (Macedonia)[3]
- Parmacella gervaisii Moquin-Tandon, 1850[3]
- Pseudocampylaea loweii (A. Ferussac, 1835)[3]
- Zonites santoriniensis Riedel & Norris, 1987[3]
- Zonites siphnicus Fuchs & Käufel, 1936[3]
subspecies:
- Caseolus calvus galeatus (R. T. Lowe, 1862)[3]
- Leptaxis simia hyaena (R. T. Lowe, 1852)[3]
- Zonites embolium elevatus Riedel & Mylonas, 1997[3]
Not extinct:
- Bythinella intermedia was listed in Austria as extinct in the 2010 IUCN Red List,[4] but it is a synonym for Bythinella austriaca, which is an extant species.[5]
Local European extinctions
The following animals became locally extinct in Europe, but survive on other continents.
- Anatolian Leopard, Panthera pardus tulliana (Island of Bozcaada, Turkey, 19th century)
- Asiatic Lion, Panthera leo persica (10th century, Caucasus mountains)
- Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus (15th century, Armenia)
- Northern Bald Ibis, Geronticus eremita (16th century) - Reintroduced in Southern Spain (2004) and Austria (2005)
- European lion, Panthera leo europaea (Acaya, Greece, 100 BC)
Rediscovered
- Bavarian pine vole, Microtus bavaricus (2000, Austria),
- Telestes turskyi (a cyprinid fish) (2002, Croatia),[6]
- La Palma Giant Lizard, Gallotia auaritae (2007, La Palma in the Canary Islands),[7]
- Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus (May 8, 2010, in the Mediterranean Sea).
- Large Blue, Maculinea arion eutyphron (2009, United Kingdom),
See also
- List of extinct animals of Great Britain
- List of extinct and endangered animals of Lithuania
- List of extinct animals of the Netherlands
- List of extinct animals of Catalonia
- List of extinct animals of Caucasus
- List of extinct animals
- List of extinct animals of Asia
- List of extinct animals of Africa
- List of extinct animals of South America
- List of extinct birds
- Dwarf elephant
- List of extinct and endangered species of Italy
References
- ^ Baillie, J.E.M., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Stuart, S.N. (Editors) 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A Global Species Assessment. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xxiv + 191 pp. Online pdf
- ^ Crivelli A. J. (2005). "Chondrostoma scodrense". In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 May 2006 [1].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Fontaine B., Bouchet P., Van Achterberg K., Alonso-Zarazaga M. A., Araujo R. et al. (2007). "The European union’s 2010 target: Putting rare species in focus." Biological Conservation 139: 167-185. Table 2 on the page 173. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.012. PDF.
- ^ Mollusc Specialist Group 1996. Bythinella intermedia. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 14 June 2010.
- ^ "Bythinella austriaca (Frauenfeld 1857)". Fauna Europaea, accessed 14 June 2010.
- ^ Crivelli A. J. (2005). "Telestes turskyi". In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 14 May 2006 [2].
- ^ Miras J. A. M. (2005). "Gallotia auaritae". In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 11 May 2006 [3].