Listeria virus P100
| Listeria virus P100 | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Duplodnaviria |
| Kingdom: | Heunggongvirae |
| Phylum: | Uroviricota |
| Class: | Caudoviricetes |
| Order: | Caudovirales |
| Family: | Herelleviridae |
| Genus: | Pecentumvirus |
| Species: | Listeria virus P100
|
Listeria virus P100 is a virus of the family Herelleviridae, genus Pecentumvirus.[1][2]
Listeria virus P100 has been proposed as food additive to control Listeria monocytogenes,[3] the bacteria responsible for Listeriosis. Listeriosis is an infection that is the result of consuming food that is contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes.[4]
As a member of the group I of the Baltimore classification, Listeria virus P100 is a dsDNA virus. P100 shares a nonenveloped morphology consisting of a head and a tail separated by a neck similar to other members of the Myoviridae family. Virions are independent particles that exist separate from cells. They are spread by attaching to a host cell and injecting a double stranded DNA; the host then transcribes and translates it to manufacture new particles. Host cell DNA polymerases is needed to replicate its genetic content, therefore, the process is highly dependent on the cell cycle.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]Listeria virus P100 targets Listeria monocytogenes, the bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis. Listeria monocytogenes is the only human pathogen that causes Listeriosis. [6] Unlike most phages infecting bacteria in the genus Listeria, Listeria virus P100 is a virulent phage.[7][8] This means that it destroys the host cell through lysis which is when the membrane of a cell is broken down. This makes phage P100 absolutely lethal to Listeria after infection.[9] The contractile tail of the Listeria virus P100 serves as the mechanism in which DNA is ejected from the (non-encased) protein capsid into the host's cytoplasm, where DNA replication occurs independently from the host. Additionally, the P100 type has a very large host range, which accounts for over 95% of all bacteria types within Listeria that appear in food (unlike most phages in its genus.)[citation needed]
Treatment potential
[edit]Listeriosis affects approximately 1,600 people each year, and within that group about 260 people will not survive. Listeriosis is most commonly observed in immunocompromised, pregnant, elderly or young people.[10] Listeria monocytogenes can grow on a variety of foods, such as cheese, meat, poultry, vegetables, and seafood. Listeria monocytogenes may even be detected on surfaces that have had contact with the previously mentioned foods. [11] Listeria virus P100 has been shown to be generally stable under storage conditions.[12] Listeria virus P100 is a key component to the food additive Listex P100, which has received GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US food and drug administration and is currently approved for use in the European Union as well. PhageGuard is a company that developed an organic, FDA approved product to combat Listeria. The company prides themselves on not affecting the smell, texture or taste of the food they use their product on while eliminating Listeria monocytogenes.[13]
Genome
[edit]Its linear genome contains 131,385 base pairs that encode 174 open reading frames and 18 tRNAs.[3] The requirement for each open reading frame (ORF) was the presence of one of the following start codons: ATG, TTG, or GTG as well as a suitable ribosomal binding site and a minimum length of 40 encoded amino acids.[3]
P100 appears to be closely related to Listeria virus A511, which is also virulent. Both belong morphologically to the Herelleviridae family. Further phenotypic observations also correlate well, showing significant nucleotide homologies between them.[9] There are also some shared sequences with other Herelleviridae phages that infect Gram-Positive bacteria.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2011). "Master Species List of 2011, version 2". Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
- ^ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (July 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)". Archives of Virology. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMC 7086667. PMID 22481600.
- ^ a b c Carlton RM, Noordman WH, Biswas B, de Meester ED, Loessner MJ (December 2005). "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 43 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
- ^ "Listeria (Listeriosis) | Listeria | CDC". 10 September 2021.
- ^ Baltimore D (September 1971). "Expression of animal virus genomes". Bacteriological Reviews. 35 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1128/br.35.3.235-241.1971. PMC 378387. PMID 4329869.
- ^ "Listeria (Listeriosis) | Listeria | CDC". 10 September 2021.
- ^ Carlton RM, Noordman WH, Biswas B, de Meester ED, Loessner MJ (December 2005). "Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 43 (3): 301–12. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.005. PMID 16188359.
- ^ Waldor MK, Friedman DI, Adhya SL, eds. (27 September 2005). Phages: Their Role in Pathogen and Biotechnology (1st ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 9781555813079.
- ^ a b van der Mee-Marquet N, Loessner M, Audurier A (September 1997). "Evaluation of seven experimental phages for inclusion in the international phage set for the epidemiological typing of Listeria monocytogenes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63 (9): 3374–7. Bibcode:1997ApEnM..63.3374V. doi:10.1128/aem.63.9.3374-3377.1997. PMC 168643. PMID 9292987.
- ^ "Listeria (Listeriosis) | Listeria | CDC". 10 September 2021.
- ^ "Phage Guard".
- ^ Iacumin L, Manzano M, Comi G (January 2016). "Phage Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on San Daniele Dry-Cured Ham and Elimination of Biofilms from Equipment and Working Environments". Microorganisms. 4 (1): 4. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4010004. PMC 5029509. PMID 27681898.
- ^ "LISTERIA SOLUTION – PhageGuard".
- ^ O'Flaherty S, Coffey A, Edwards R, Meaney W, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (May 2004). "Genome of staphylococcal phage K: a new lineage of Myoviridae infecting gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content". Journal of Bacteriology. 186 (9): 2862–71. doi:10.1128/JB.186.9.2862-2871.2004. PMC 387793. PMID 15090528.