Ljubljana: Difference between revisions
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{{Coord|46|3|5|N|14|30|20|E|display=title}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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|official_name = Ljubljana |
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|image_skyline = Ljubljana.jpg |
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|imagesize = 290px |
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|image_caption = View of Ljubljana's skyline at sunset from the Castle. |
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|image_flag = Flag of Ljubljana.svg |
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|settlement_type = City |
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|image_shield = Blason ville si Ljubljana (Slovénie).svg |
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|image_map = Karte Ljubljana si.png |
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|map_caption = Municipal location in Slovenia |
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|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] |
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|established_title = First mention |
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|established_date = 1144 |
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|leader_party = [[Lista Zorana Jankovića]] |
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|leader_title = [[Mayor]] and [[governor]] |
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|leader_name = [[Zoran Janković (manager)|Zoran Janković]] |
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|area_total_km2 = 275.0 |
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|population_total = 280,000 |
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|population_metro = 550,000 |
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|population_density_km2= 1018.2 |
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|population_as_of = 2009 |
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|population_footnotes = <ref name="Demography"/> |
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|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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|utc_offset = +1 |
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|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|latd = 46 | latm = 3 | lats = 5 |latNS = N |
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|longd = 14 | longm = 30 |longs = 20 | longEW = E |
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|elevation_m = 298 |
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|area_code = 01 |
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|blank_name = [[Vehicle registration plates of Slovenia|Vehicle Registration]] |
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|blank_info = LJ |
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|website = [http://www.ljubljana.si/ www.ljubljana.si] |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Ljubljana''' ({{Audio-IPA|Ljubljana.ogg|[lʲubˈlʲana]}}; {{lang-de|Laibach}}, {{lang-it|Lubiana}}, {{lang-la|Labacum}}) is the [[capital (political)|capital]] of [[Slovenia]] and its largest city. It is the centre of the [[City Municipality of Ljubljana]]. It is located in the centre of the country in the [[Ljubljana Basin]], and is a mid-sized city of some 280,000 inhabitants. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of [[German language in Europe|Germanic]], [[Romance languages|Latin]] and [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] cultures. |
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For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of [[Carniola]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Mehle Mihovec |first=Barbka |title=Kje so naše meje? |url=http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/priloga_moja_gorenjska/index.php?action=clanek&id=18737 |date=19 March 2008 |work=Gorenjski glas |publisher=Gorenjski glas |language=Slovene |trans_title=Where are our borders? |accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> and in the 20th century it became the cultural, scientific, economic, political and administrative centre of Slovenia, independent since 1991. Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position. |
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== Etymology and symbol == |
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The origin of the city's name is unclear. The most scientifically acceptable hypothesis is that the city was named after the river [[Ljubljanica]] that flows through it. According to the linguist [[Silvo Torkar]], the name of Ljubljanica derives from the Old Slavic name ''Ljubovid''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=www.ljubljana.si/file/32485/ljubljana_l13_st_08-09_2008.pdf |title=O nastanku in pomenu krajevnega imena Ljubljana in njegove nemške oblike Laibach |language=Slovene |trans_title=On the Origin and the Meaning of the Place Name Ljubljana and its German form Laibach |publisher=Ljubljana City Municipality |date=September 2008 |issue=8, 9 |year=XIII |ISSN=1318-797X |journal=Glasilo Mestne občine Ljubljana}}</ref> According to the ethnologist [[Robert Vrčon]], the name of Ljubljanica developed from the [[Latin]] ''alluviana'', itself derived from the word ''eluvio'', meaning an inundation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promin.si/zgodovina/slovencev/lublana.htm |title=O izvoru ali etimologija imena Lublana (Ljubljana) |language=Slovene |trans_title=On the Origin or the Etymology of the Name Lublana (Ljubljana) |publisher=Promin.si}}</ref> |
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In the Middle Ages, both the river and the city were named ''Laibach''. This name, derived from Old German, almost certainly means "a standing water causing floods". It was in official use until 1918.<ref>{{cite web|author=Avtor: visitljubljana.si |url=http://www.visitljubljana.si/si/novinarji/novinarji/gradiva-o-ljubljani/o-ljubljani/ |title=O Ljubljani - Novinarji - Visit Ljubljana |publisher=Visitljubljana.si |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> |
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The city's symbol is the [[Ljubljana Dragon]]. It symbolises power, courage and greatness. It is depicted on the top of the tower of the [[Ljubljana Castle]] in the Ljubljana coat-of-arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing [[Dragon Bridge]] ({{lang|sl|''Zmajski most''}}), often regarded as the most beautiful bridge produced by the [[Vienna Secession]].<ref name="ARCH124">{{cite book |
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|author= C Abdunur |
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|title= ARCH'01: Troisième conferénce internationale sur les ponts en arc |
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|publisher= Presses des Ponts |
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|location= |
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|year= 2001 |
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|page= 124 |
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|isbn= 2859783474 |
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|oclc= |
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|doi= |
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}}</ref> |
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There are several explanations on the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to the celebrated [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]], the [[Argonauts]] on their return home after having taken the [[Golden Fleece]] found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day cities of [[Vrhnika]] and Ljubljana. It is there that [[Jason]] struck down a monster. This monster has become the [[dragon]] that today is present on the city's coat of arms and flag.<ref name="InfoDragon">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana |title=Dragon, the Symbol of Ljubljana |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> |
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It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from [[Saint George]], the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral [[paganism]] overcome by [[Christianity]]. In the [[Bronze Age]], the Castle Hill was a holy place where the bearers of the [[Urnfield culture]] built their fortress and worshipped their gods. In the Middle Ages, when the foundations of the castle were raised, the builders also wished to symbolically overcome old paganistic faith so they dedicated the castle chapel to Saint George. |
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According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In [[Baroque]], it became part of the coat of arms and in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements. |
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== History == |
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[[File:Ljubljana-skyline.jpg|thumb|right|Ljubljana skyline, including [[Ljubljana Castle]]]] |
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[[File:MestniTrg-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|right|[[Town Square, Ljubljana|Town Square]]]] |
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[[File:Bežigrad.JPG|thumb|right|The northern tip of Ljubljana's centre (foreground) and [[Bežigrad]] (background), beneath the [[Kamnik–Savinja Alps]]]] |
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Around 2,000 BC, the [[Ljubljana Marshes]] were settled by people living in [[stilt house|pile dwellings]]. These [[Pile-dwelling culture of the Ljubljana Marshes|lake-dwelling people]] lived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Later, the area remained a transit point for numerous tribes and peoples.<ref name="Histo1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/first-settlers/ |title=First settlers |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> The land was first settled by the [[Adriatic Veneti|Veneti]], followed by a mixed nation of [[Celts]] and [[Illyrians]] called the [[Iapydes]] and then in the 3rd century BC a [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe, the [[Taurisci]].<ref name="Histo1"/> |
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Around 50 BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona ([[Emona]]).<ref name="Histo2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/times-of-roman-emona/ |title=The Times of Roman Emona |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> This entrenched fort was occupied by the ''[[Legio XV Apollinaris]]''.<ref name="Apollinaris">{{fr icon}} Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt''. de Gruyter, 1988. ISBN 3-11-011893-9. [http://books.google.be/books?id=74vdDevajNoC&pg=PA343&lpg=PA343&dq=Emona+legion+XV&source=web&ots=Oz_GEBKbi_&sig=jODLhDZxfNwHfBW48cBMhE2GCs0&hl=fr&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result Google Books, p.343]</ref> In 452, it was destroyed by the [[Huns]] under [[Attila the Hun|Attila]]'s orders,<ref name="Histo2"/> and later by the [[Ostrogoths]] and the [[Lombards]].<ref name="Artis">Daniel Mallinus, ''La Yougoslavie'', Éd. Artis-Historia, Brussels, 1988, D/1988/0832/27, p. 37-39.</ref> Emona housed 5,000–6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during numerous battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were already connected to a [[Sewage|drainage system]].<ref name="Histo2"/> In the 6th century, the ancestors of the [[Slovenes]] moved in. In the 9th century, the Slovenes fell under [[Franks|Frankish]] domination, while experiencing frequent [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] raids.<ref name="Histo6">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-in-middle-ages/ |title=Ljubljana in the Middle Ages |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> |
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The name of the city, ''Luwigana'', appears for the first time in a document from 1144.<ref name="Artis"/> In the 13th century, the town was composed of three zones: the [[Old Square, Ljubljana|Old Square]] (''Stari trg''), the [[Town Square, Ljubljana|Town Square]] (''Mestni trg'') and the [[New Square, Ljubljana|New Square]] (''Novi trg'').<ref name="Histo6"/> In 1220, Ljubljana was granted [[Town privileges|city rights]], including the right to coin its own money.<ref name="Histo6"/> |
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In 1270, [[Carniola]] and in particular Ljubljana was conquered by King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]].<ref name="Histo6"/> When he was in turn defeated by [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph of Habsburg]],<ref name="Artis"/> the latter took the town in 1278.<ref name="Histo6"/> Renamed ''Laibach'', it would belong to the [[House of Habsburg]] until 1797.<ref name="Artis"/> The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana|Diocese of Ljubljana]] was established in 1461 and the [[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|Church of St. Nicholas]] became a cathedral.<ref name="Histo6"/> |
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In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art. After an earthquake in 1511, it was rebuilt in [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style and a new wall was built around it.<ref name="Histo3">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/renaissance-and-baroque/ |title=Renaissance and Baroque |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> In the 16th century, the population numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke [[Slovene language|Slovene]] as their [[First language|mother tongue]], with most of the rest using German.<ref name="Histo3"/> Soon after the first book written in Slovene was published in Germany ([[Primož Trubar]]'s [[Katekizem|Catechism]], Tübingen 1550) the pedagogue [[Adam Bohorič]] had his three Slovene-language books, "''Elementale Labacense oder [[Abecedarium]] der lateinischen, deutschen und slowenischen Sprache"'', his ''"Nomenclatura trium linguarum"'' and his ''"Otroshia tabla"'', printed in the Carniolan capital by Hans Mannel (Slovene: Janž Mandelc). By that time, the [[Protestant Reformation]] had gained ground in the town. Several important [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] preachers lived and worked in Ljubljana, including Primož Trubar, Adam Bohorič and [[Jurij Dalmatin]], whose Slovene bible, however, was printed in German [[Wittenberg]]. Around the same time, the first [[High school|secondary school]], public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana.<ref name="Histo3"/> Ljubljana thus became the undisputed centre of [[Culture of Slovenia|Slovene culture]], a position maintained thereafter. In 1597, the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] arrived in the city and established a new secondary school that later became a college. [[Baroque architecture]] appeared at the end of the 17th century as foreign architects and sculptors came in.<ref name="Histo3"/> |
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The [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] interlude saw Ljubljana as ''"Laybach"'' become, from 1809 to 1813, the capital of the [[Illyrian Provinces]].<ref name="Artis"/><ref name="Histo4">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/ljubljana-18th-19th-centuries/ |title=Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th Centuries |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> In 1815, the city became Austrian again and from 1816 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the [[Kingdom of Illyria]] in the [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1821 it hosted the [[Congress of Laibach]], which fixed European political borders for years to come.<ref name="InfoIntro">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ |title=Introducing Ljubljana |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line was extended to [[Trieste]].<ref name="Histo4"/> Public [[Incandescent light bulb|electric lighting]] appeared in 1898.<ref name="Histo4"/> In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered [[1895 Ljubljana earthquake|a serious earthquake]] measuring 6.1 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Some 10% of its 1,400 buildings were destroyed, although casualties were light. During the reconstruction that followed, a number of quarters were rebuilt in [[Art Nouveau]] style.<ref name="Histo4"/> |
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In 1918, following the end of [[World War I]] and the dissolution of [[Austria–Hungary|Austria-Hungary]], the region joined the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].<ref name="Artis"/><ref name="Histo5">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/history/restless-20th-century/ |title=The Turbulent 20th Century |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of [[Drava Banovina]], a [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] province.<ref name="banovina">{{cite web |url=http://www.clio.fr/CHRONOLOGIE/chronologie_slovenie_dans_la_yougoslavie_des_karageorgevitch.asp |title=Dans la Yougoslavie des Karageorgévitch |accessdate=2008-07-30 |language=French}}</ref> In 1941, during [[World War II]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] occupied the city, and on 3 May 1941 made "''Lubiana"'' the capital of an Italian "''Provincia di Lubiana''" with the former Yugoslav general [[Leon Rupnik]] as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, [[Nazi Germany]] with SS-general [[Erwin Rösener]] and [[Friedrich Rainer]] took control in 1943<ref name="Histo5"/> but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the occupying forces established strongholds and command centres of [[Quisling]] organisations, the [[Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia]] under Italy and the [[Slovene Home Guard|Home Guard]] under German occupation. The city was surrounded by over {{convert|30|km|mi}} of [[barbed wire]] to prevent co-operation between the underground [[Resistance during World War II|resistance movement]] ([[Liberation Front of the Slovenian People]]) within the city and the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] (''Partizani'') who operated outside the fence. Since 1985, [[Path of Remembrance and Comradeship|a commemorative path]] has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.<ref name="rideau fer">{{sl icon}} {{en icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080227085801/http://www.ljubljana-tourism.si/file/559602/2006-april-POT-SPOMINOV-IN-TOVARITVA-_2.pdf|archivedate=2008-02-27|title=The Path of Remembrance and Comradeship|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], part of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Communist Yugoslavia]], a status it retained until 1991, when Slovenia became independent. Ljubljana remained the capital of Slovenia, which entered the [[European Union]] in 2004.<ref name="Histo5"/> |
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== Geography and climate == |
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[[File:Image Ljubljana-OpenStreetMap-Mapnik-100k.svg|thumb|right|Map of Ljubljana]] |
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[[File:Ljubljana-Center-OpenStreetMap-Mapnik-10k.svg|thumb|right|Map of Ljubljana centre]] |
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The city, with an area of {{convert|275.0|km2|sqmi}}, is situated in central [[Slovenia]] in the [[Ljubljana Basin]]. Its location between [[Austria]], [[Hungary]], the [[Venice]] region in [[Italy]] and [[Croatia]] has strongly influenced its history. Ljubljana is located some {{convert|140|km|mi}} west of [[Zagreb]], {{convert|520|km|mi}} northwest of [[Belgrade]], {{convert|250|km|mi}} east of Venice, {{convert|350|km|mi}} southwest of [[Vienna]] and {{convert|400|km|mi}} southwest of [[Budapest]].<ref>Approximate road distances calculated through [[Google Earth]].</ref> |
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=== Topography and hydrography === |
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The city is located at an altitude of {{convert|298|m|ft}} along the river [[Ljubljanica]].<ref name="InfoIntro">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourism/ljubljana/general_info/default.html|title=Location and General Data|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> The Ljubljana castle, which sits atop the [[Castle Hill, Ljubljana|Castle Hill]] (''Grajski grič'') south of the city centre, is at {{convert|366|m|ft}} altitude while the city's highest point, called [[Janče Hill]] (''Janški hrib''), reaches {{convert|794|m|ft}}.<ref name="InNumbers">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/about-ljubljana/ljubljana-in-numbers/|title=Ljubljana in Numbers|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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Ljubljana is near the confluence of the rivers Ljubljanica and Sava, at the foot of Castle Hill. The Sava, in turn, flows into the Danube at [[Belgrade]] before reaching the [[Black Sea]].<ref name="Sloveniainfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.slovenia.info/?_ctg_kraji=2611|title=Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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=== Geology === |
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The city stretches out on an [[alluvium|alluvial]] plain dating to the [[Quaternary]] [[Geologic time scale|era]]. The nearby, older mountainous regions date back to the [[Mesozoic]] ([[Triassic]]) or [[Paleozoic]].<ref name="Geologymap">{{cite web|url=http://english.fossiel.net/system/geolkaart/slovenie.jpg|title=Geological Map of Slovenia|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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A number of earthquakes have devastated Ljubljana, including in 1511 and 1895.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Slovenia is in a rather active seismic zone because of its position to the south of the [[Eurasian Plate]].<ref name="Seisme">{{cite web|url=http://www.arso.gov.si/en/Seismology/|title=Seismology|accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> Thus the country is at the junction of three important tectonic zones: the [[Alps]] to the north, the [[Dinaric Alps]] to the south and the [[Pannonian Basin]] to the east.<ref name="Seisme"/> Scientists have been able to identify 60 destructive earthquakes in the past. Additionally, a network of seismic stations is active throughout the country.<ref name="Seisme"/> |
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=== Climate === |
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Ljubljana's climate is Oceanic ([[Köppen climate classification]] "Cfb"), bordering on a [[Humid subtropical climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfa''),<ref>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/World_Koppen_Map.png</ref> with [[continental climate|continental]] characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily highs generally between {{convert|25|and|30|C|F}}, and January is the coldest month with the temperatures mostly oscillating around {{convert|0|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The city experiences 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The precipitations are relatively evenly distributed through the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about {{convert|1400|mm|in|abbr=on}}, making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are very common from May to September and can occasionally be quite heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, there are 65 days with snow cover recorded each winter season. The city is known for its fog, which is recorded on average on 121 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of [[inversion (meteorology)|temperature inversion]].<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web|url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/napovedi%20in%20podatki/ljubljana.html|title=ARSO|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox Weather |
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|metric_first= Yes |single_line= Yes |location = Ljubljana |
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|Jan_Hi_°C = 2 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 14 |Feb_Hi_°C = 5 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 19 |
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|Mar_Hi_°C = 10 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 23 |Apr_Hi_°C = 15 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = 30 |
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|May_Hi_°C = 20 |May_REC_Hi_°C = 31 |Jun_Hi_°C = 24 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = 38 |
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|Jul_Hi_°C = 27 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = 39 |Aug_Hi_°C = 26 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = 35 |
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|Sep_Hi_°C = 22 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = 31 |Oct_Hi_°C = 15 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = 29 |
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|Nov_Hi_°C = 8 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = 20 |Dec_Hi_°C = 4 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = 16 |
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|Year_Hi_°C = 15 |Year_REC_Hi_°C = 39 |
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|Jan_Lo_°C = -4 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = -27 |Feb_Lo_°C = -4 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = -28 |
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|Mar_Lo_°C = 0 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = -16 |Apr_Lo_°C = 4 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = -5 |
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|May_Lo_°C = 9 |May_REC_Lo_°C = -3 |Jun_Lo_°C = 12 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = 4 |
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|Jul_Lo_°C = 14 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = 7 |Aug_Lo_°C = 14 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = 4 |
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|Sep_Lo_°C = 11 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = 1 |Oct_Lo_°C = 6 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = -2 |
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|Nov_Lo_°C = 2 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = -11 |Dec_Lo_°C = -1 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = -15 |
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|Year_Lo_°C = 5 |Year_REC_Lo_°C = -28 |
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|Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 88 |Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 89 |
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|Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 76 |Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 98 |
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|May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 121 |Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 133 |
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|Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 113 |Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 127 |
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|Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 142 |Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 151 |
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|Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 131 |Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 114 |
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|Year_Precip_cm = |Year_Precip_mm = 1383 |
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|Jan_Precip_days = 13 |Feb_Precip_days = 11 |Mar_Precip_days = 11 |Apr_Precip_days = 13 |
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|May_Precip_days = 16 |Jun_Precip_days = 16 |Jul_Precip_days = 12 |Aug_Precip_days = 12 |
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|Sep_Precip_days = 10 |Oct_Precip_days = 14 |Nov_Precip_days = 15 |Dec_Precip_days = 15 |
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|Year_Precip_days = 157 |
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|source = [http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004670 BBC Weather] |
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|accessdate = 2010-01-20 |
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}} |
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== Main sights == |
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=== Architecture === |
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Despite the appearance of large buildings, especially at the city's edge, Ljubljana's historic centre remains intact; there, Baroque and Art Nouveau styles mix. The city is strongly influenced by the Austrian fashion in the style of [[Graz]] and [[Salzburg]]. |
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The old city is made up of two districts: one includes [[Ljubljana town hall]] and the principal architectural works; the other, the neighbourhood of the Chevaliers de la Croix, features the [[Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity|Ursuline church]], the [[Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra|philharmonic society building]] (1702) and the [[Cankar Hall]]. |
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After the 1511 earthquake, Ljubljana was rebuilt in a [[Baroque|Baroque style]] following the model of a Renaissance town; after the 1895 quake, which severely damaged the city, it was once again rebuilt, this time in an Art Nouveau style.<ref name="Histo4"/><ref name="InfoIntro"/> The city's architecture is thus a mix of styles. The large sectors built after the Second World War often include a personal touch by the Slovene architect [[Jože Plečnik]]. |
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[[Ljubljana Castle]] dominates the hill over the river Ljubljanica. Built in the 12th century, the castle (like a castle at [[Kranj]]) was a residence of the [[Margrave]]s, later the [[Duchy of Carniola|Dukes of Carniola]].<ref>[http://www.ljubljana-calling.com/ENG/inCallingZnGrad.php Ljubljana Calling/Sightseeing/Ljubljana Castle]</ref> Aside from the castle, the city's main architectural works are [[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|St. Nicholas Cathedral]], [[St. Peter's Church, Ljubljana|St. Peter's Church]], the [[Franciscan Church of the Annunciation]], the [[Triple Bridge]] and the [[Dragon Bridge]]. |
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Near the town hall, on [[Town Square, Ljubljana|Town Square]], is a replica of the [[Robba fountain]], in Baroque style. The original has been moved into the [[National Gallery of Slovenia|National Gallery]] in 2006. Resembling the fountain on [[Rome]]'s [[Piazza Navona]], Robba's fountain is decorated with an obelisk at the foot of which are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is the work of [[Francesco Robba]], who designed numerous other Baroque statues in the city. Ljubljana's churches are equally marked by this style that gained currency following the 1511 earthquake.<ref name="Baroque">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/baroque_ljubljana/default.html |title=Baroque Ljubljana |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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For its part, Art Nouveau features prominently on [[Prešeren Square]] and on the Dragon Bridge.<ref name="artnouveau">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitljubljana.si/en/tours_and_excursions/sights/list.html?k=75870 |title=Art Nouveau sights |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> Among the important influences on the city was the architect Jože Plečnik, who designed several bridges, including the Triple Bridge, as well as the [[National and University Library of Slovenia|National Library]].<ref name="Plecnik">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitljubljana.si/en/journalists_and_travel_professionals/journalists/press-resources/celebrities/ |title=Jože Plečnik (1872-1957) |accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> [[Nebotičnik]] is a notable high-rise. |
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<gallery> |
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File:TownHall-Ljubljana.JPG|[[Ljubljana town hall]] |
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File:SLO-Ljubljana20.JPG|[[Town Square, Ljubljana|Town Square]] with a replica of the [[Robba fountain]] and [[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|St. Nicholas Cathedral]] in the background |
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File:LjubljanaFrančiškanska072008.JPG|The [[Franciscan Church of the Annunciation]] with the monument to [[France Prešeren]] at right and the [[Triple Bridge]] in the foreground |
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File:StPeter-Ljubljana.JPG|[[St. Peter's Church, Ljubljana|St. Peter's Church]] |
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File:UrbancevaHisa-Ljubljana.JPG|The Art Nouveau Urbanc House on [[Prešeren Square]] |
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File:Neboticnik-Ljubljana.JPG|[[Nebotičnik]] |
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</gallery> |
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==== Ljubljana Castle ==== |
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[[File:Ljubljana Castle.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ljubljana Castle]]]] |
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[[Ljubljana Castle]] (''Ljubljanski grad'') is a mediaeval castle located at the summit of the [[Castle Hill, Ljubljana|hill]] that dominates the city centre. The area surrounding today's castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.<ref name="LubljanaCastle">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/castle/default.html |title=Ljubljanski grad / Ljubljana Castle |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> The hill summit probably became a [[Roman legion|Roman army]] stronghold after fortifications were built in Illyrian and Celtic times.<ref name="LubljanaCastle"/> |
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The castle was first mentioned in 1144 as the seat of the Duchy of Carniola. The fortress was destroyed when the duchy became part of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] domains in 1335.<ref name="LubljanaInfo">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.info/ljubljana-castle/ |title=City castle in Ljubljana |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> Between 1485 and 1495, the present castle was built and furnished with towers. Its purpose was to defend the empire against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invasion as well as peasant revolt.<ref name="LubljanaInfo"/> In the 17th and 18th centuries, the castle became an arsenal and a military hospital. It was damaged during the Napoleonic period and, once back in the [[Austrian Empire]], became a prison, which it remained until 1905, resuming that function during World War II.<ref name="LubljanaCastle"/><ref name="LubljanaInfo"/> The castle's Outlook Tower dates to 1848; this was inhabited by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons warning the city in case of fire or announcing important visitors or events.<ref name="LubljanaCastle"/> |
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In 1905, the city of Ljubljana purchased the castle, which underwent a renovation in the 1960s. Today, it is a [[tourist attraction]]; cultural events also take place there.<ref name="LubljanaFestival">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljanafestival.si/en/ljubljana_castle/history/|title=Festival Ljubljana |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> Since 2006, a [[funicular]] has linked the city centre to the castle atop the hill (''see [[Ljubljana tram system]]'').<ref name="LubljanaInfo"/> |
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==== Saint Nicholas Cathedral ==== |
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[[File:NadskofijaStolnica-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|Saint Nicholas Cathedral]]]] |
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[[Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Ljubljana|Saint Nicholas Cathedral]] (''Stolnica svetega Nikolaja'') is the city's only cathedral. Easily identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it is located on [[Cyril Methodius Square]] by the nearby [[Ljubljana Central Market]] and the [[Ljubljana town hall]].<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/baroque_ljubljana/cathedral/default.html |title=Stolnica (Cerkev sv. Nikolaja) / The Cathedral (Church of St. Nicholas) |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> |
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Originally, the site was occupied by a three-nave [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church first mentioned in 1262.<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale"/> After a fire in 1361 it was re-vaulted in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style. The Diocese of Ljubljana was set up in 1461 and eight years later, a new fire presumably set by the Ottomans once again burnt down the building.<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale"/> |
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Between 1701 and 1706, the Jesuit architect [[Andrea Pozzo]] designed a new Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a [[Christian cross|Latin cross]].<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale"/> The dome was built in the centre in 1841.<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale"/> The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by [[Giulio Quaglio (painter)|Giulio Quaglio]] between 1703–1706 and 1721-1723.<ref name="LubljanaCathedrale"/> |
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==== Dragon Bridge ==== |
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[[File:Zmajski most-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|left|[[Dragon Bridge]]]] |
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The [[Dragon Bridge]] (''Zmajski most'') was built between 1900 and 1901, when the city was part of [[Austria–Hungary|Austria-Hungary]]. Designed by a [[Dalmatia]]n architect who studied in Vienna and built by an Austrian engineer, the bridge is considered one of the finest works in the [[Vienna Secession]] Art Nouveau style.<ref name="ARCH124">{{cite book|author=C. Abdunur|title=ARCH'01: Troisième conférence internationale sur les ponts en arc|publisher=Presses des Ponts|location= |year=2001|page=124|isbn=2859783474|oclc=|doi= |language=French}}</ref><ref name="PontDragons">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/art_nouveau/dragon_bridge/default.html |title=Zmajski most / Dragon Bridge |accessdate=2008-07-30}}</ref> Some residents nicknamed the bridge "mother-in-law" in reference to the fearsome dragons on its four corners.<ref name="SBTG84">{{cite book|author=Robin McKelvie, Jenny McKelvie|title=Slovenia: The Bradt Travel Guide|publisher=Robin McKelvie|location= |year=2005|page=84|isbn=1841621196|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> |
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==== Tivoli Park ==== |
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[[Tivoli, Ljubljana|Tivoli Park]] is the largest park in Ljubljana. The park was designed in 1813 by a French engineer J. Blanchard and now covers approximately 5 km<sup>2</sup>. It has 3 main avenues, planted with chestnut-trees. Within the park, you can find different types of trees, flower gardens, several statues, and fountains. |
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At the edge of the Tivoli Park is a fish pond, dating back to 1880. On one side of the pond is a small botanic garden, on the other side is a children's playground. Between 1921 and 1939, Jože Plečnik designed a broad central promenade, called Jakopič promenade after the leading Slovene [[impressionism|impressionist]] painter [[Rihard Jakopič]]. |
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== Demographics == |
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In 1869, Ljubljana had just under 27,000 inhabitants,<ref name="Krajevni">''Krajevni leksikon Slovenije'' (Ljubljana: DZS, 1995), p.297</ref> a figure that grew to 80,000 by the mid-1930s.<ref name="Histo5"/> Demographic growth remained fairly stable between 1999 and 2007, with a population of about 270,000.<ref name="Demography">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=0520302E&ti=Population+by+age+groups+and+sex%2C+municipalities%2C+Slovenia&path=../Database/Demographics/05_population/02_05007_numb_struct/01_05203_age_sex/&lang=1 |
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|title=Population by age groups and sex, municipalities, Slovenia |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> Before 1996, the city's population surpassed 320,000 but the drop that year was mainly caused by a territorial reorganisation that saw certain peripheral districts attached to neighbouring municipalities.<ref name="InNumbers"/> At the 2002 census, 39.2% of Ljubljana residents were [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]; 30.4% were believers who did not belong to a religion, unknown or did not reply; 19.2% were atheist; 5.5% were [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]]; 5.0% were [[Islam|Muslim]]; and the remaining 0.7% were Protestant or belonged to other religions.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=OBC&st=6 |title=Population by religion, municipalities, Slovenia, Census 2002 |accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref> |
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<div class="center"> |
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'''Demographic evolution<ref name="Demography"/><ref name="Krajevni"/>''' |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:80%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;" |
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|- |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1869 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1880 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1890 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1900 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1910 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1931 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1935 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1948 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1953 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1961 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1966 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1970 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:11%; color:black;" | 1980 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:12%; color:black;" | 2001 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:12%; color:black;" | 2008 |
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! style="background:#f5f5f5; width:12%; color:black;" | 2010 |
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|- style="color:black; background:#d1e8ff; background:#d1e8ff;" |
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|| 26,879 |
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|| 32,265 |
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|| 36,878 |
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|| 45,017 |
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|| 56,844 |
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|| 79,391 |
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|| 85,000 |
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|| 98,914 |
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|| 113,666 |
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|| 135,806 |
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|| 154,690 |
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|| 180,714 |
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|| 265,000 |
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|| 270,032 |
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|| 276.091 |
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|| NA |
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|} |
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</div> |
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== Government and crime == |
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Municipal elections take place every four years. Between 2002 and 2006, [[Danica Simšič]] was mayor.<ref name="InNumbers"/> Since the municipal elections of 22 October 2006, [[Zoran Janković (manager)|Zoran Janković]], an influential businessman in Slovenia, has been the mayor of Ljubljana, having won 62.99% of the votes.<ref name="Maire">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/mayor/default.html |title=The Mayor of the City of Ljubljana |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The majority on the city council (the [[Lista Zorana Jankovića|mayor's own party]]) holds 23 of 45 seats.<ref name="Maire"/> Among other roles, the council drafts the municipal budget, and is assisted by various boards active in the fields of health, sports, finances, education, [[environmental movement|environmental protection]] and tourism.<ref name="Commissions">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/council/boards/default.html |title=Boards of the City Council |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The Ljubljana electoral zone is also composed of 17 districts that have [[local government|local authorities]] working with the city council to make known citizens' suggestions and prepare activities in their districts.<ref name="Districs">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/districts/default.html |title=District authorities |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> |
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The jurisdiction of the Ljubljana police (''Policija'') covers an area of {{convert|3807|km2|sqmi}}, which represents 18.8% of the national territory.<ref name="Police">{{cite web |url=http://www.policija.si/portal_en/organiziranost/pu/lj/index.php |title=Police directorate Ljubljana |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> There are 17 police stations employing 1,380 individuals, of whom 1,191 are [[police officer]]s and 189 are civilians.<ref name="Police"/> With around 45,000 criminal acts in 2007, the Ljubljana police district alone accounts for over 50% of the country's crimes.<ref name="Rapport crime">{{cite web |url=http://www.policija.si/portal_en/statistika/index.php |title=Annual Report on the Work of the Police 2007 |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> Slovenia and in particular Ljubljana have a quiet and secure reputation.<ref name="securite">{{cite web |url=http://www.var.fr/dispatch.do?sectionId=site/page_d_accueil_10772717277503/le_var_10772717703904/les_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284/conseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285/slov_nie_1191225455611299&showSection=site/page_d_accueil_10772717277503/le_var_10772717703904/les_varois_dans_le_monde_1191224486801284/conseils___bons_plans_1191224797342285/slov_nie_1191225455611299 |title=Precautions to take |accessdate=2008-07-31 |language=French}}</ref> |
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== Economy == |
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In 1981, Ljubljana's per capita GDP was 260% of the Yugoslav average.<ref>{{cite book | title=Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju | year=1984 | edition=3rd | publisher=Sveučilišna naklada Liber | location=Zagreb | language=Croatian | editor1-first=Radovan | editor1-last=Radovinović | editor2-first=Ivan | editor2-last=Bertić}}</ref> By the late 2000s, Ljubljana produced about 25% of Slovenia's GDP.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> In 2003, the level of active working population was 62%; 64% worked in the private sector and 36% in the public sector.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> In January 2007, the [[unemployment|unemployment rate]] was 6.5% (down from 7.7% a year earlier), compared with a national average of 8.7%.<ref name="Chomage Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.gov.si/eng/UnemplTrends/RegUnemplRO99.htm |title=Registered unemployment rates (%) by regional offices in 2006 and 2007 |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> |
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Industry remains the city's most important employer, notably in the [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[petrochemical]]s and [[food industry|food processing]].<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Other fields include banking, finance, transport, construction, skilled trades and services and tourism. The public sector provides jobs in education, culture, [[health care]] and local administration.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> |
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The [[Ljubljana Stock Exchange]] ({{lang|sl|''Ljubljanska borza''}}), purchased in 2008 by the [[Wiener Börse|Vienna Stock Exchange]],<ref name="Bourse Vienne">{{cite web |url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=DCC97754-19B6-64BF-BC26-9760B7F88908&linkid=news&cid=ED4C6575-3589-840B-A072-1B6760015E2E |title=Austrians Buy Ljubljana Stock Exchange |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> deals with large Slovenian companies. Some of these have their headquarters in the capital region: for example, the [[chain store|retail chain]] [[Mercator (retail)|Mercator]], the [[Petroleum industry|oil company]] [[Petrol d.d.]] and the telecommunications concern [[Telekom Slovenije]].<ref name="Bourse Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljse.si/cgi-bin/jve.cgi?doc=%208373&sid=qaKUUjazRohwRuAP |title=Ljubljanska borza d.d. |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> Over 15,000 enterprises operate in the city, most of them in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]].<ref name="Tertiaire Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4997 |title=Ljubljana: economic center of Slovenia |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> |
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== Education == |
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[[File:SLO-Ljubljana53.JPG|thumb|right|The main building of the [[University of Ljubljana]], formerly the seat of the Carniolan Parliament]] |
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The Academy of the Industrious (''[[Academia operosorum Labacensis]]'') opened in 1693; it closed in 1801 but was a precursor to the [[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], founded in 1938. Today, students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.<ref name="Université Ljubljana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/ul_history.aspx |title=UL history |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The [[University of Ljubljana]], Slovenia's most important and Ljubljana's only university, was founded in 1919.<ref name="Histo5"/> As of 2010, it has 23 faculties and three academies. These offer Slovene-language courses in (among other subjects) medicine, [[applied science]]s, arts, law and administration.<ref name="Université Ljubljana II">{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-lj.si/en/about_university_of_ljubljana/statues_of_ul.aspx |title=Statutes of UL |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The university has close to 64,000 students and some 3,500 teaching faculty. |
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In 2004, the [[National and University Library of Slovenia]], located in Ljubljana, had 1,169,090 books in all.<ref name="InNumbers"/> In 2006, the 55 [[primary education|primary schools]] had 20,802 pupils and the 32 secondary schools had 25,797.<ref name="InNumbers"/> |
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== Culture == |
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[[File:SLO-Ljubljana47.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[France Prešeren]], who lived in the city]] |
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Ljubljana has numerous [[art museum|art galleries]] and museums. In 2004, there were 15 museums, 41 art galleries, 11 theatres and four professional orchestras.<ref name="InNumbers"/> There is for example an architecture museum, a railway museum, a sports museum, a museum of modern art, a brewery museum, the [[Slovenian Museum of Natural History]] and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.<ref name="Pointinteret">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourism/ljubljana/points_of_interest/museums/default.html |title=Museums |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> The [[Ljubljana Zoo]] covers {{convert|19.6|ha|acre}} and has 152 animal species. An antique [[flea market]] takes place every Sunday in the old city.<ref name="Pointinteret"/> In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.<ref name="InNumbers"/> |
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Each year over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city; among these are ten international festivals of theatre, music and art generally.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Numerous music festivals are held there, chiefly in [[Classical music|European classical music]] and jazz, for instance the [[Ljubljana Summer Festival]] (''Ljubljanski poletni festival''). In the centre of the various [[Slovenian wine]] regions, Ljubljana is known for being a "city of wine and vine". Grapevines were already being planted on the slopes leading up to the Castle Hill by the Roman inhabitants of Emona.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> |
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In 1701, present-day Slovenia's [[Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra|first philharmonic academy]] opened in Ljubljana, which spurred the development of musical production in the region.<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Some of its honorary members would include [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] and [[Johannes Brahms]], as well as the violinist [[Niccolò Paganini]].<ref name="InfoIntro"/> Early in his career, [[Gustav Mahler]] served as conductor at the opera house, giving eighty-four complete performances between September 1881 and April 1882.<ref>{{cite book|author=Raymond Holden|title=The Virtuoso Conductors|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location= New Haven|year=2005|page=65|isbn=0300093268|oclc=|doi=}}</ref> |
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The [[National Gallery of Slovenia|National Gallery]] (''Narodna galerija''), founded in 1918,<ref name="Histo5"/> and the Museum of Modern Art (''Moderna galerija''), both in Ljubljana, exhibit the most influential [[List of Slovenian artists|Slovenian artists]]. On [[Metelkova]] street there is a [[social center|social centre]] dedicated to [[alternative culture]], set up in a renovated former Austro-Hungarian barracks.<ref name="Metelkova">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/sights/20th_century_ljubljana/metelkova-mesto/ |title=Metelkova mesto alternative culture centre |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> This lively street has numerous clubs and concert halls that play various [[List of music styles|types of music]], mainly [[alternative rock]].<ref name="MetelkovaII">{{cite web |url=http://www.metelkova.org/indexe.htm |title=AKC Metelkova mesto |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> Another alternative culture centre is located in the former [[Rog (factory)|Rog factory]]. In the 1980s, Ljubljana became the centre of the ''[[Neue Slowenische Kunst]]'', which among others included the music group [[Laibach (band)|Laibach]] and the painters of the [[IRWIN]] collective; the philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]] was also associated with it. |
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== Sports == |
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Ljubljana's [[ice hockey]] clubs are [[HS Olimpija Ljubljana|HD HS Olimpija]], [[ŠD Alfa]], [[HK Slavija Ljubljana|HK Slavija]] and [[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]]. They all compete in the [[Slovene Ice Hockey Championship|Slovenian Hockey League]]; [[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]] also takes part in the [[Austrian Hockey League]].<ref name="Olimpija">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsolimpija.over.net/|title=Hokejske Selekcije Olimpija |accessdate=2008-07-31 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> The basketball teams are [[KD Slovan]], [[ŽKD Ježica Ljubljana]] and [[KK Union Olimpija]]. The latter, which has a green dragon as its mascot, hosts its matches in the 6,000-seat [[Hala Tivoli]],<ref name="Tivoli Arena">{{cite web |url=http://www.union.olimpija.com/137/141/ |title=Union Olimpija |accessdate=2008-07-31 |language=Slovenian}}</ref> also the home rink of [[HDD Olimpija Ljubljana]]. |
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The city's [[Association football|football]] teams which play in the [[Slovenian PrvaLiga]] are [[Interblock Ljubljana]]<ref name="Tivoli ArenaII">{{cite web |url=http://www.nkinterblock.eu/contents/index/63 |title=NK Interblock |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> and [[NK Olimpija Ljubljana]]. |
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Each year since 1957, on 8–10 May, the traditional recreational ''March along the [[Path of Remembrance and Comradeship|Path around Ljubljana]]'' has taken place to mark the liberation of Ljubljana on 9 May 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/6446/6468/ |title=Thousands Join Ljubljana Hike |accessdate=2008-11-01 }}</ref> The last Sunday in October, the [[Ljubljana Marathon]] is run on the city's streets. It attracts several thousand runners each year.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ljubljana.si/en/highlights/current_topics/marathon/default.html |title=13th Ljubljana marathon – record participation! |accessdate=2008-11-01 }}</ref> |
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The [[Tacen Whitewater Course]], located on the [[Sava|Sava River]], eight kilometers northwest of the city centre, hosts a major international canoe/kayak slalom competition almost every year, examples being the 2008 International Canoe Federation (ICF) Slalom World Cup and the 1991 and 2010 World Championships.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wc-tacen.si/3/?pID=55 |title=Tacen White Water Slalom Course |accessdate=2009-02-21 }}</ref> |
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== Transport == |
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[[File:ZelezniskaPostaja-Ljubljana.JPG|thumb|[[Ljubljana railway station]], with buses.]] |
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[[File:Trains pic by Praktica.JPG|thumb|Railway at Ljubljana central garage.]] |
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Ljubljana is at the centre of the Slovenian road network, which links the city to all parts of the country. Until July 2008, [[toll road|toll booths]] were used, but were replaced by a [[vignette (road tax)|vignette]] system. The city, in central Slovenia, is linked to the southwest by [[European route E70|A1-E70]] to the Italian cities of [[Trieste]] and [[Venice]] and the Croatian port of [[Rijeka]].<ref name="Michelin">Michelin, ''Slovénie, Croatie, Bosnie-Herzégovine, Serbie, Monténégro, Macédoine'', Cartes et guides n°736, Michelin, Zellik, Belgium, 2007, ISBN 978-2-06-712627-5</ref> To the north, [[European route E57|A1-E57]] leads to [[Maribor]], [[Graz]] and [[Vienna]]. To the east, [[European route E70|A2-E70]] links it with the Croatian capital [[Zagreb]], from where one can go to [[Hungary]] or important cities of the former Yugoslavia, such as [[Belgrade]].<ref name="Michelin"/> To the northwest, [[European route E61|A2-E61]] goes to the Austrian cities of [[Klagenfurt]] and [[Salzburg]], making it an important entry point for [[northern Europe]]an tourists.<ref name="Michelin"/> |
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The bus network, run by the city-owned [[Ljubljanski potniški promet]], is Ljubljana's only current means of [[public transport]]ation. Usually, the buses are called ''trole'' ("trolleys"), harking back to the 1951–71 days when Ljubljana had [[trolleybus]] (''trolejbus'') service (''trole'' is used to refer only to Ljubljana's buses, and not those in other Slovenian cities). One can also rent bicycles in the city,<ref name="Transvelo">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourist_services/lj-bike/default.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071230031337/http://www.ljubljana.si/en/tourist_services/lj-bike/default.html |archivedate=2007-12-30 |title=Ljubljana Bike |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> and there are numerous taxi companies.<ref name="Taxi">{{cite web |url=http://www.ljubljana.si/en/ljubljana_az/489/kategorija.html |title=Taxi |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> |
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[[Ljubljana railway station]] is part of a railway network that links Germany to Croatia through the [[Munich]]-Salzburg-Ljubljana-Zagreb line. A second network is the Vienna-Graz-Maribor-Ljubljana one, which links Austria to Slovenia. A third is the [[Genoa]]-Venice-Ljubljana one, linking Ljubljana to Italy. Finally, a line goes to [[Budapest]].<ref name="Sloveniainfo"/> |
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[[Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport|Ljubljana Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]] code LJU), located {{convert|26|km|mi}} north of the city, has flights to numerous European destinations. Among the companies that fly from there are [[Adria Airways]], [[Air France]], [[Brussels Airlines]], [[EasyJet]] and [[Finnair]].<ref name="Transavion">{{cite web |url=http://www.lju-airport.si/eng/airliner.asp?IDD=12&IDM=209|title=Aerodrom Ljubljana, d.d. |accessdate=2008-07-31}}</ref> Among the destinations served are Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Belgrade, Brussels, Budapest, Bucharest, Copenhagen, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, Istanbul, Kijev, London, Manchester, Moscow, Munich, Ohrid, Paris, Podgorica, Prague, Pristhina, Stockholm, Skopje, Vienna, Warsaw, Tirana, Tel Aviv and Zurich.<ref name="Transavion"/> |
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==International relations== |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia}} |
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===Twin towns — Sister cities=== |
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Ljubljana is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="twinning">{{cite web |url= http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/ |title=Pobratena mesta in članstvo v zvezah |accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref> |
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{| cellpadding="10" |
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* {{flagicon|GRC}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]], <small>(since 2000)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]], <small>(since 1967)</small><ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=''Bratislava City - Twin Towns''|publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] 2003-2008 Bratislava-City.sk|accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]], <small>(since 2004)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Chemnitz]], [[Germany]], <small>(since 1966)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], <small>(since 1981)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cleveland]], [[United States]] |
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* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Leverkusen]], Germany, <small>(since 1979)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], <small>(since 2000)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow Region]], Russia, <small>(since 2001)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Parma]], [[Italy]], <small>(since 1964)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pesaro]], Italy, <small>(since 1964)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ploče]], [[Croatia]], <small>(since 1982)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Rijeka]], Croatia, <small>(since 1979)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], <small>(since 2002)</small><ref>{{cite web|author=daenet d.o.o. |url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=160 |title=Sarajevo Official Web Site: Sister cities |publisher=Sarajevo.ba |date= |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], <small>(since 2007)</small><ref name="Skopje">{{cite web|url=http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69|title=Official portal of City of Skopje - Skopje Sister Cities|publisher=[[copyright|©]] 2006-2009 [http://www.skopje.gov.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 City of Skopje]|accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Sousse]], [[Tunisia]], <small>(since 1969)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], <small>(since 1977)</small><ref name="Tbilisi Sister Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571|title=Tbilisi Municipal Portal - Sister Cities|publisher=© 2009 - Tbilisi City Hall |accessdate=2009-06-16}}</ref> |
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* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], <small>(since 1999)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Wiesbaden]], Germany, <small>(since 1977)</small> |
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* {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Cebu City]], [[Philippines]] |
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* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia, <small>(since 2001)</small><ref name=zagreb_sister_cities>{{cite web|url=http://www.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Zagreb sister cities|accessdate=2007-11-29}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of people from Ljubljana]] |
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==References== |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* {{cite book |author=Robin McKelvie, Jenny McKelvie |title=The Bradt City Guide Ljubljana |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2005 |isbn=978-1841621166 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Fionn Davenport |title=Lonely Planet Best of Ljubljana |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-1741048247 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Thomas Cook Publishing |title=Ljubljana |year=2008 |isbn=978-1841579634 }} |
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===Notes=== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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== External links == |
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{{sisterlinks|Ljubljana}} |
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* [http://www.ljubljana.si/en/municipality/ City of Ljubljana official site] |
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* [http://www.visitljubljana.si/ Official Ljubljana tourism site] |
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* [http://zemljevid.najdi.si/search_maps.jsp?q=ljubljana&tab=maps Map of Ljubljana] |
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{{Ljubljana}} |
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{{Municipalities of Slovenia}} |
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{{List of European capitals by region}} |
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{{Capital cities of the European Union}} |
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{{World Book Capital}} |
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[[Category:Ljubljana| ]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]] |
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