1994 Montreal municipal election

1994 Montreal municipal election
51 seats in Montreal City Council; 26 seats needed for a majority
Mayor before election; Jean Doré; Citizens' Movement	Elected mayor ; Pierre Bourque; Vision Montreal

The 1994 Montreal municipal election took place on November 6, 1994. Pierre Bourque was elected to his first term as mayor, defeating incumbent Jean Doré. Elections were also held in Montreal's suburban communities.

Results

Mayor

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Mayor of Montreal
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Pierre Bourque	135,678	47.61
Montreal Citizens' Movement		(x)Jean Doré	91,907	32.25
Montrealers' Party		Jérôme Choquette	37,214	13.06
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Yolande Cohen	12,737	4.47
White Elephant Party		Michel Bédard	2,678	0.94
Independent		Carole Caron	1,433	0.50
Independent		Jean-Luc Bonspiel	973	0.34
Independent		Glenmore Browne	818	0.29
Independent		Patricia Métivier	709	0.25
Independent		Carl Zephir	438	0.15
Independent		Marc Rainville	379	0.13
Total valid votes			284,964	100
Source: Official results, City of Montreal.

Council (incomplete)

Party colours do not indicate affiliation or resemblance to a provincial or a federal party.

Electoral District		Position	Total valid votes						Incumbent
Electoral District		Position	Total valid votes	Montreal Citizens' Movement	Vision Montreal	Montrealers' Party	Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal	Others	Incumbent
40	Hochelaga	City councillor	4,374	Diane Barbeau 1,654 (39.89%)	Luc Larivée 2,040 (49.20%)	Martin Baller 329 (7.94%)	Clément Schreiber 123 (2.97%)		Diane Barbeau
46	Tétreauville	City councillor	6,296	Nicole Milhomme 1,846 (29.32%)	Jean-Guy Deschamps 3,465 (55.03%)		Sylvain Lapalme 181 (2.87%)	Joseph Salerno (Ind.) 804 (12.77%)	Nicole Milhomme

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Ahuntsic
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Hasmig Belleli	3,458	46.19
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Michel L'Allier	2,182	29.15
Montrealers' Party		Michel Bureau	943	12.60
Independent		Ghassan Saba	572	7.64
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Jean-Pierre Le Blanc	203	2.71
White Elephant Party		Christian Coutu	128	1.71
Total valid votes			7,486	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Saint-Sulpice
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Maurice Beauchamp	2,602	39.26
Independent		(x)Michel Benoit	2,125	32.06
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Daniel Ducharme	1,540	23.23
Montrealers' Party		Karine Hénault	263	3.97
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Max de Carrier	98	1.48
Total valid votes			6,628	100
Source: Official results, City of Montreal.

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Saint-Michel
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Paolo Tamburello	2,403	46.81
Montrealers' Party		Pasquale Compierchio (incumbent)	1,711	33.33
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Donato Caivano	737	14.36
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Michele A. Benigno	283	5.51
Total valid votes			5,134	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Daniel Boucher	1,954	46.85
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Micheline Daigle (incumbent)	1,338	32.08
Montrealers' Party		Antoinette Corrado	672	16.11
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Pietro Bozzo	207	4.96
Total valid votes			4,171	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, François-Perrault
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Vittorio Capparelli	2,277	48.16
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Lyse Brunet	1,303	27.56
Montrealers' Party		Frank Venneri	1,000	21.15
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Mario Laquerre	148	3.13
Total valid votes			4,728	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Montreal Citizens' Movement		(x)Konstantinos Georgoulis	2,419	33.64
Vision Montreal		Angelos Diacoumacos	1,968	27.37
Independent		Sofoklis Rasoulis	959	13.34
Independent		Christos Karidogiannis	828	11.51
Montrealers' Party		George Savoidakis	804	11.18
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Peter Stamadianos	213	2.96
Total valid votes			7,191	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Étienne-Desmarteau division
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Michelle Daines	3,322	54.58
Montreal Citizens' Movement		(x)Lea Cousineau	2,177	35.77
Montrealers' Party		Pierre-Érick Noël	434	7.13
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Joseph Vega	153	2.51
Total valid votes			6,086	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Laurier
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Louise Roy	2,254	39.93
Vision Montreal		Monique Côté	2,117	37.50
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Yolande Cohen	676	11.98
Montrealers' Party		Gilbert Thibodeau	455	8.06
White Elephant Party		Benoît Mainguy	88	1.56
Independent		Richard Lemay	55	0.97
Total valid votes			5,645	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Peter-McGill division
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Georgine Coutu	1,694	37.35
Independent		(x)Nick Auf der Maur	1,469	32.39
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Malcolm McLean	640	14.11
Montrealers' Party		Van H. Petteway	477	10.52
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Douglas Buckley-Couvrette	203	4.48
White Elephant Party		Pierre Corbeil	53	1.17
Total valid votes			4,536	100
Source: Official results, City of Montreal.

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Aimé Charron	2,598	47.90
Montrealers' Party		(x)Fiorino Bianco	1,423	26.24
Independent		Georges Roman	597	11.01
Independent		Pierre Boucher	443	8.17
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Rossa Vaccaro	228	4.20
Independent		Antonio Bocchicchio	135	2.49
Total valid votes			5,424	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Germain Prégent (incumbent)	2,713	71.13
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Benoît St-Jean	678	17.78
Montrealers' Party		Dave Schuilenburg	224	5.87
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Michael Chamberlain	199	5.22
Total valid votes			3,814	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Louis-Riel division
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		(x)Jacques Charbonneau	4,354	61.80
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Yves Bougie	1,814	25.75
Montrealers' Party		Fabienne Bouchard	740	10.50
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Phillip Chee	137	1.94
Total valid votes			7,045	100
Source: Official results, City of Montreal.

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Longue-Pointe
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Claire St-Arnaud	2,482	47.93
Montreal Citizens' Movement		Nicole Boudreau (incumbent)	1,967	37.99
Montrealers' Party		Ronald Gosselin	507	9.79
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Jacynthe Simard	222	4.29
Total valid votes			5,178	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

v t e 1994 Montreal municipal election: Councillor, Honoré-Beaugrand division
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Vision Montreal		Ivon Le Duc	2,679	39.83
Montreal Citizens' Movement		(x)Scott McKay	2,422	36.01
Montrealers' Party		Denis Proulx	1,125	16.73
Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal		Julie Leduc	262	3.90
Independent		Gilles Simard	156	2.32
White Elephant Party		Guylaine Brisebois	82	1.22
Total valid votes			6,726	100
Source: Official Results, City of Montreal

Information on the candidates

Montreal Citizens' Movement

Michel L'Allier (Ahuntsic), Donato Caivano (Saint-Michel), and Lise Brunet (François-Perrault) were first-time candidates.

Montrealers' Party

Michel Bureau (Ahuntsic) was a first-time candidate.
Antoinette Corrado (Jean-Rivard) was a first-time candidate. She later sought election to the English Montreal School Board in 2007 as an ally of commission chair Dominic Spiridigliozzi.^[1]

Democratic Coalition–Ecology Montreal

Jean-Pierre Le Blanc (Ahuntsic) was a first-time candidate.
Michele A. Benigno (Saint-Michel) fought for the closure of the Miron landfill in the 1994 election.^[2] She later sought election to the English Montreal School Board in 2003 and lost to Rocco Barbieri. Four years later, she ran as part of Barbieri's electoral alliance and was again defeated.^[3]
Pietro Bozzo (Jean-Rivard) was a first-time candidate. He later served as executive director of the Yellow Door, an activist resource center.^[4]
Mario Laquerre (François-Perrault) is a specialist in urban affairs. He studied possible uses for the abandoned Francon Quarry in north-end Montreal during the 1990s and, in the 1994 campaign, articulated his party's position that parts of the quarry could be converted to a giant urban campsite.^[5] Laquerre also co-ordinated a local residents group that opposed the Miron quarry landfill site, an active garbage dump located within the city limits.^[6] After the 1994 election, he served as president of the Front Commun Québécois pour une Gestion Écologique des Déchets (which sought to limit the shipment of garbage among Quebec's regions) and worked for the group RECYQ-QUÉBEC.^[7]

Independents

Ghassan Saba (Ahuntsic) had previously been a Montreal Citizens' Movement candidate in the 1990 municipal election. A newspaper report from that election listed him as a thirty-eight-year-old investment counsellor.^[8]

Suburban results

Dorval

All members of the Dorval city council were re-elected without opposition.

Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Candidates	Incumbent
Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Winner	Incumbent
	Mayor	-	Peter Yeomans (acclaimed)	Peter Yeomans
East Ward 1	Councillor	-	Edgar Rouleau (acclaimed)	Edgar Rouleau
East Ward 2	Councillor	-	Emile LaCoste (acclaimed)	Emile LaCoste
East Ward 3	Councillor	-	Raymond Lauzon (acclaimed)	Raymond Lauzon
West Ward 1	Councillor	-	Robert M. Bourbeau (acclaimed)	Robert M. Bourbeau
West Ward 2	Councillor	-	Ian W. Heron (acclaimed)	Ian W. Heron
West Ward 3	Councillor	-	Heather Allard (acclaimed)	Heather Allard

Source: "Who's running where in Nov. 6 elections," Montreal Gazette, October 20, 1994, F2.

Montreal North

Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Candidates			Incumbent
Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Renouveau municipal	Collectivité de Montréal-Nord	Independent	Incumbent
	Mayor	18,619	Yves Ryan 16,459 (88.40%)	Jean-Pierre Menard 2,160 (11.60%)		Yves Ryan
District 1	Councillor	1,604	Antonin Dupont 1,332 (83.04%)	Diane Dupont 272 (16.96%)		Antonin Dupont
District 2	Councillor	1,695	Michelle Allaire 1,531 (90.32%)	Guy Devin 164 (9.68%)		Michelle Allaire
District 3	Councillor	2,167	Pierre Blain 1,665 (76.83%)	Bertrand Wall 328 (15.14%)	Michel Renaud 174 (8.03%)	Pierre Blain
District 4	Councillor	-	Georgette Morin (acclaimed)			Georgette Morin
District 5	Councillor	-	Maurice Belanger (acclaimed)			Maurice Belanger
District 6	Councillor	-	Réal Gibeau (acclaimed)			Réal Gibeau
District 7	Councillor	1,826	Jean-Paul Lessard 1,389 (76.07%)	Jacqueline Roy 437 (23.93%)		Jean-Paul Lessard
District 8	Councillor	1,572	Normand Fortin 1,228 (78.12%)	Elaine Bissonnette 344 (21.88%)		Normand Fortin
District 9	Councillor	1,343	James Infantino 1,079 (80.34%)	Lise Leonard 264 (19.66%)		Armand Nadeau^[9]
District 10	Councillor	1,963	Andre Coulombe 1,597 (81.36%)	Jocelyne Millaire 366 (18.64%)		Andre Coulombe
District 11	Councillor	1,061	Raymond Paquin 908 (85.58%)	Lazard Vertus 153 (14.42%)		Raymond Paquin
District 12	Councillor	1,283	Robert Guerriero 1,110 (86.52%)	Claude Forest 173 (13.48%)		Robert Guerriero

Source: "Voting Results: The Final Count," Montreal Gazette, November 8, 1994, A4.

Saint-Leonard

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Three
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Mario Battista	accl.	.
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Four
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Italo Barone	1,214	72.09
Independent		Joseph Mormina	470	27.91
Total valid votes			1,684	100
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Six
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Dominic Perri	accl.	.
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Seven
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Yvette Bissonnet	accl.
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Eight
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Vincenzo Arciresi	accl.	.
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Ten
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti Municipal		(x)Domenico Moschella	accl.	.
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

v t e 1994 Saint-Leonard municipal election: Councillor, Ward Twelve
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
Parti municipal		(x)Robert Zambito	845	53.45
Independent		Giacomo Vigna	736	46.55
Total valid votes			1,581	100
Source: Mike King, "Voting results: the final count," Montreal Gazette, 8 November 1994, A4.

Information on candidates in suburban communities

Independents

Joseph Mormina is a Montreal entrepreneur. He sought election to the Saint-Leonard city council in 1978 and 1982 as a candidate of the Équipe du renouveau de la cité de Saint-Léonard and was narrowly defeated both times. When his party fragmented in 1984, Mormina joined the Action civique de Saint-Léonard and supported Domenico Moschella's bid to become mayor of Saint-Leonard in a municipal by-election.^[10] Action civique later folded into Unité de Saint-Léonard, and Mormina ran unsuccessfully for the latter party in the 1986 municipal election.^[11] He ran as an independent in 1994.

Results in other Montreal-area communities

Longueuil

Parti municipal de Longueuil leader Claude Gladu was elected to his first term as mayor, succeeding Roger Ferland. The Parti municipal won fourteen seats on council, while former mayor Jacques Finet's Alliance de Longueuil won the remaining six.

Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Candidates				Incumbent
Electoral District	Position	Total valid votes	Parti municipal	Parti Longueuillois	Alliance de Longueuil	Independent	Incumbent
	Mayor	47,185	Claude Gladu 19,223 (40.74%)	Gisèle Hamelin 14,041 (29.76%)	Jacques Finet 13,921 (29.50%)		Roger Ferland
Ward One	Councillor	1,850	Joël Gamache 650 (35.14%)	Claude Nephtali 557 (30.11%)	Richard Gagnon 643 (34.76%)		Pierre Beaudry
Ward Two	Councillor	2,425	Mario Genest 854 (35.22%)	Martin Clark 617 (25.44%)	Cécile Langevin 954 (39.34%)		Cécile Langevin
Ward Three	Councillor	2,105	Henri Dubois 1,251 (59.43%)	Anne-Marie Bischoff 396 (18.81%)	Diane Smith 458 (21.76%)		Claude Gladu
Ward Four	Councillor	2,374	Gérald Marcil 902 (37.99%)	Bernard Lacelles 531 (22.37%)	Sylvie Robidas 941 (39.64%)		Sylvie Robidas
Ward Five	Councillor	2,076	Nicole Béliveau 1,068 (51.45%)	Yves Ferron 474 (22.83%)	Sylvie Grenier 534 (25.72%)		Nicole Béliveau
Ward Six	Councillor	2,095	Réjean Vincent 470 (22.43%)	Ginette Lemarier 659 (31.46%)	Normand Caisse 966 (46.11%)		Jacques Morissette
Ward Seven	Councillor	2,267	Alain St-Pierre 1,102 (48.61%)	Martin Daraîche 497 (21.92%)	Charles A. Ashton 668 (29.47%)		Roger Lacombe
Ward Eight	Councillor	2,022	Johane Deshaies 866 (42.83%)	Jean Claude D’Amour 485 (23.99%)	Suzanne Cyr 671 (33.18%)		Johane Deshaies
Ward Nine	Councillor	2,585	Nicole Lafontaine 1,056 (40.85%)	Jacqueline Bonenfant 721 (27.89%)	Pierre Nantel 808 (31.26%)		Pierre Nantel
Ward Ten	Councillor	2,026	Manon Hénault 1,039 (51.28%)	Olivette Rousseau 474 (23.40%)	Jean Babin 513 (25.32%)		Manon Hénault
Ward Eleven	Councillor	2,396	Serge Sévigny 982 (40.98%)	Constant Jeanty 598 (24.96%)	Pierre Pétroni 816 (34.06%)		Serge Sévigny
Ward Twelve	Councillor	2,410	Lise Sauvé 1,060 (43.98%)	Micheline Ward 325 (13.49%)	Michel Champagne 1,025 (42.53%)		Michel Champagne
Ward Thirteen	Councillor	2,272	Bertrand Girard 866 (38.12%)	Omer Leclerc 570 (25.09%)	Jean St-Hilaire 836 (36.80%)		Jean St-Hilaire
Ward Fourteen	Councillor	2,125	Ginette Lalonde 653 (30.73%)	Jean-Pierre Trahan 184 (8.66%)	Michel Timperio 1,288 (60.61%)		Michel Timperio
Ward Fifteen	Councillor	2,320	Henri Charbonneau 721 (31.08%)	Arthur Méthot 540 (23.28%)	Florent Charest 1,059 (45.65%)		Florent Charest
Ward Sixteen	Councillor	2,155	Pierre Beaudry 882 (40.93%)	Joanne Savoie 614 (28.49%)	Thérèse Lafrenière 659 (30.58%)		Georges Touten
Ward Seventeen	Councillor	2,506	Claude Lamoureux 1,040 (41.50%)	Gérald Varichon 391 (15.60%)	Pierre Racicot 1,075 (42.90%)		Pierre Racicot
Ward Eighteen	Councillor	2,934	Jacques Milette 1,365 (46.52%)	Richard Briggs 624 (21.27%)	Marc Lachance 945 (32.21%)		Jacques Milette
Ward Nineteen	Councillor	2,975	Claudette Tessier 1,465 (49.24%)	Pierre Plourde 711 (23.90%)	Pierre Lestage 740 (24.87%)	Raymond Lévesque 59 (1.98%)	Benoît Danault
Ward Twenty	Councillor	2,910	Simon Crochetière 1,283 (44.09%)	Pardo Chiocchio 835 (28.69%)	Léo Paduano 792 (27.22%)		Léo Paduano

Source: Le Parti municipal de Longueuil: "Roger Ferland, le gestionnaire", Société historique et culturelle du Marigot, accessed February 27, 2014.

References

^ Brenda Branswell, "Voter turnout key to school boards' future; Candidates hope people will show up at polls tomorrow," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 2007, A1.
^ Graeme Hamilton, "Broken promises; St. Michel residents filled with political skepticism, especially when it comes to the Miron garbage dump," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 1994, A4.
^ Brenda Branswell, "Voter turnout key to school boards' future; Candidates hope people will show up at polls tomorrow," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 2007, A1.
^ Susan Schwartz, "Celebrities create collection plates for Mazon; And community centre supporters show style," Montreal Gazette, December 12, 2011, A29.
^ Paul Wells, "Quarry would make good campsite: party; North-end pit to continue as snow dump," Montreal Gazette, September 24, 1994, p. 3.
^ Graeme Hamilton, "Broken promises; St. Michel residents filled with political skepticism, especially when it comes to the Miron garbage dump," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 1994, p. 4; Anne McIlroy, "Neighbors fed up with life on edge of the pit," Montreal Gazette, November 21, 1994, p. 3.
^ Lynn Moore, "Protesters want tougher garbage laws," Montreal Gazette, November 5, 1995, p. 3; Rita Legault, "Grant funds composting education program: Turning organic waste into compost is a simple and inexpensive process: Morency," Montreal Gazette, April 10, 2001, p. 3.
^ Paul Wells, "Prosperous Cartierville is having its problems; Region 1: Ahuntsic/Cartierville," Montreal Gazette, October 22, 1990, A8.
^ Mike King, "Battling 272 years of experience; Mayor and his team have been in power since 1963," Montreal Gazette, October 21, 1994, A4.
^ "Case delayed in suit against St. Leonard by ex-secretary," Montreal Gazette, May 22, 1986, p. 6. Raymond Renaud won the by-election and subsequently fired Mormina's wife, who worked a secretary in the mayor's office. She later charged Renaud with wrongful dismissal.
^ Mormina was thirty-eight years old during this election. "St. Leonard party unites defectors and former rivals," Montreal Gazette, October 9, 1986, p. 8.

[1] Brenda Branswell, "Voter turnout key to school boards' future; Candidates hope people will show up at polls tomorrow," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 2007, A1.

[2] Graeme Hamilton, "Broken promises; St. Michel residents filled with political skepticism, especially when it comes to the Miron garbage dump," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 1994, A4.

[3] Brenda Branswell, "Voter turnout key to school boards' future; Candidates hope people will show up at polls tomorrow," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 2007, A1.

[4] Susan Schwartz, "Celebrities create collection plates for Mazon; And community centre supporters show style," Montreal Gazette, December 12, 2011, A29.

[5] Paul Wells, "Quarry would make good campsite: party; North-end pit to continue as snow dump," Montreal Gazette, September 24, 1994, p. 3.

[6] Graeme Hamilton, "Broken promises; St. Michel residents filled with political skepticism, especially when it comes to the Miron garbage dump," Montreal Gazette, November 3, 1994, p. 4; Anne McIlroy, "Neighbors fed up with life on edge of the pit," Montreal Gazette, November 21, 1994, p. 3.

[7] Lynn Moore, "Protesters want tougher garbage laws," Montreal Gazette, November 5, 1995, p. 3; Rita Legault, "Grant funds composting education program: Turning organic waste into compost is a simple and inexpensive process: Morency," Montreal Gazette, April 10, 2001, p. 3.

[8] Paul Wells, "Prosperous Cartierville is having its problems; Region 1: Ahuntsic/Cartierville," Montreal Gazette, October 22, 1990, A8.

[9] Mike King, "Battling 272 years of experience; Mayor and his team have been in power since 1963," Montreal Gazette, October 21, 1994, A4.

[10] "Case delayed in suit against St. Leonard by ex-secretary," Montreal Gazette, May 22, 1986, p. 6. Raymond Renaud won the by-election and subsequently fired Mormina's wife, who worked a secretary in the mayor's office. She later charged Renaud with wrongful dismissal.

[11] Mormina was thirty-eight years old during this election. "St. Leonard party unites defectors and former rivals," Montreal Gazette, October 9, 1986, p. 8.

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