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Earl of Kilmarnock

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Earl of Kilmarnock
Azure, a fess chequy argent and gules
Creation date17 August 1661
Created byCharles II
PeeragePeerage of Scotland
First holderWilliam Boyd, 1st Earl of Kilmarnock
Last holderWilliam Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock
Subsidiary titlesLord Boyd
StatusForfeited
Extinction date18 August 1746
MottoConfido
("I confide")

Earl of Kilmarnock was a title created twice in the Peerage of Scotland for the Boyd family. It was first created in 1454 for Robert Boyd, Great Chamberlain of Scotland. It was created a second time in 1661 for William Boyd, 10th Lord Boyd. Both titles were forfeited in 1746.

Thomas Boyd, the elder son of Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd—and father of the second one—was created Earl of Arran in 1467, but both titles were forfeit in 1469. Considerable confusion exists over the numbering of the Lords Boyd; this article follows the numbering used in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.[nb 1]

The 4th Earl of Kilmarnock was the father of the 15th Earl of Erroll. The Kilmarnock title was revived in 1831 for the latter's grandson, William George Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll, who was created Baron Kilmarnock in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since 1941, this title is a separate peerage.

History of the Boyd

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By the time they were raised to the peerage by James II in 1454, the Boyds had already played a significant role in Scotland’s history, not least through their selfless contribution to the cause of the Nation’s freedom in the bitter and bloody Wars of Independence with England. Some sources assert the name stems from the Gaelic ‘buidhe’, meaning fair. One tradition is that the original ancestor of today’s Boyds was Simon FitzAlan, known as Simon the Fair, who was either a nephew or a younger brother of Walter FitzAlan, the High Steward of Scotland who is recognised as the progenitor, or founder, of what became the Royal House of Stewart (or Stuart).

This explains why the Boyds, although a proud clan in their own right, are considered a sept, or branch, of the Stewarts, and why many today adopt the Royal Stewart tartan, although there is a Boyd sett. Another explanation for the origin of the name Boyd is that it is a ‘location’ name, from the Gaelic ‘Boid’, referring to the island of Bute in the Clyde estuary.

Ayrshire became the homeland of the Boyds, with a Dominus Robertus de Boyd recorded as having witnessed a contract concerning the west coast town of Irvine in 1205. This family of Boyds are thought to have been vassals of the powerful Anglo-Norman family of de Morville, but by the early thirteenth century they had risen to such prominence that they held their own lands in Ayrshire, particularly in the vicinity of Kilmarnock. The Boyds appear to have been no sooner settled in Ayrshire than they found themselves embroiled in the cause of the nation’s freedom. They rallied to its defence at the battle of Largs, when Sir Robert Boyd was among a group of Ayrshire lairds raised by Alexander FitzAlan, in his role as High Steward, to repel a Viking invasion that threatened after the king of Scots, Alexander III, laid claim to the Hebrides.

Warned that Alexander was prepared to wrest the islands from Norwegian control by force if necessary, King Hakon of Norway embarked with a mighty fleet from Bergen in July 1263. His fierce band of sea raiders plundered and ravaged Kintyre, Bute, and Islay, before appearing off the west coast mainland township of Largs. A storm blew many of the vessels onto the shore beneath the overhanging Cunningham hills on the night of 30 September, and it was on top of these hills that FitzAlan hastily assembled a force of militia that included Sir Robert Boyd and his kinsfolk. A party of militia emerged from their high eminence the following morning and engaged in a skirmish with a band of Norsemen attempting to salvage precious cargo from their stricken vessels.

The Scots drove them back to their ships and returned that evening to gleefully loot the cargo.

Stung by the insult, King Hakon ordered a further attempt to retrieve the cargo the following day, 1 October, resulting in what has become known as the battle of Largs but which in reality consisted of a series of disorganised skirmishes. The Norsemen were driven back to their vessels, however, and King Hakon died a few weeks later in Kirkwall, Orkney: the threat to Scotland’s western seaboard in general and invasion of the mainland in particular had been averted.

The victory is commemorated annually at Largs with the ceremonial burning of a Viking longboat.

Intriguingly, while ‘I trust’ is the motto of the Boyds, and a right hand raised in benediction is the crest, several of the family’s coats of arms feature the word ‘Goldberry’.

This is thought to be in commemoration of Sir Robert Boyd who, with only a small band of men, fought and defeated a force of the invaders several miles south of the site of the main battle of Largs, at a location known as Goldberry, or Goldberry Hill. More than forty years later, the Boyds found themselves at the forefront of the Wars of Independence after William Wallace raised the banner of revolt against the English occupation of Scotland in May 1297.

An expert in the tactics of guerrilla warfare, Wallace and his hardened band of freedom fighters inflicted stunning defeats on the English garrisons, culminating in the liberation of practically all of Scotland following the battle of Stirling Bridge, on 11 September 1297. Defeated at the battle of Falkirk on 22 July 1298, after earlier being appointed Guardian of Scotland, Sir William Wallace was eventually betrayed and captured in August 1305, and, on 23 August that year, he was brutally executed in London on the orders of a vengeful Edward I of England.

The bitter struggle continued under the leadership of the warrior king Robert the Bruce, however, and, in 1306, Duncan Boyd was killed by the English for swearing allegiance to him. The struggle culminated in the battle of Bannockburn of June 1314, when a 20,000-strong English army under Edward II was defeated by a Scots army less than half this strength. Ironically, it was through a misguided sense of chivalry that the battle occurred in the first place.

By midsummer of 1313 the mighty fortress of Stirling Castle was occupied by an English garrison under the command of Sir Philip Mowbray. Bruce’s hotheaded brother, Edward, rashly agreed to a pledge by Mowbray that if the castle was not relieved by battle by midsummer of the following year, then he would surrender. This made battle inevitable, and by 23 June 1314 the two armies faced one another at Bannockburn, in sight of the castle. It was on this day that Bruce slew the English knight Sir Henry de Bohun in single combat, but the battle proper was not fought until the following day, shortly after the rise of the midsummer sun. The English cavalry launched a desperate but futile charge on the densely packed ranks of Scottish spearmen known as schiltrons, and by the time the sun had sank slowly in the west the English army had been totally routed, with Edward himself only narrowly managing to make his escape from the carnage of the battlefield.

Scotland’s independence had been secured, to the glory of Bruce and his loyal army and at terrible cost to the English. Sir Robert Boyd had been among Bruce’s most able commanders at Bannockburn, and was rewarded with lands in Ayrshire that Bruce confiscated from his rivals, the Balliols, with Dean Castle, in Kilmarnock, becoming the main family seat. Other branches of the family also flourished in Ayrshire, as the Boyds of Merton, Penkiln, Pitcon, and Trochrig.

Now a popular tourist attraction, Dean Castle and its surrounding estate are now in the care of the East Ayrshire local authority. As the power and influence of the Boyds increased following their elevation to the peerage in 1454, so too did their ambitions – and this was to prove fatal to their fortunes. Following the death of James II in July 1460, Lord Boyd of Kilmarnock was appointed one of the regents of the young James III. By 1466, his brother, Sir Alexander Boyd, held the powerful posts of Chamberlain of the Royal Household and governor of Edinburgh Castle, while his son, Thomas, held the influential post of the king’s instructor in the military arts.

Consolidating their power, the Boyds actually kidnapped the king, persuading him to ratify an Act of Parliament that made them the sole guardians of the kingdom. Their grip on the realm was further strengthened when Thomas Boyd married the king’s sister, the Princess Mary, and assumed the titles of Earl of Arran and Kilmarnock. But pressure from a powerful group of rival nobles eventually led in November 1469 to the Boyds being summoned before the king and Parliament to answer charges of treason.

Sir Alexander was executed, while Lord Boyd escaped to England and the Earl of Arran fled into exile in the Low Countries, where he died. The Earl of Arran’s marriage to the Princess Mary had been annulled, and all the Boyd estates and honours were forfeited – but they were restored again during the reign from 1542 to 1567 of Mary, Queen of Scots. A later Lord Boyd was a staunch supporter of the ill-starred queen, fighting for her cause at the decisive battle of Langside on 13 May 1568. The queen had escaped from Lochleven Castle, in which she had been imprisoned after being forced to sign her abdication by a body known as the Confederate Lords.

Lord Boyd was among a group of nobles, bishops, lairds, and others who signed a bond declaring their support for her, and they and their forces met an army raised by the Confederate Lords at Langside, on the southern outskirts of Glasgow. Mary’s forces, under the command of the Earl of Argyll, had been en route to the mighty bastion of Dumbarton Castle, atop its near inaccessible eminence on Dumbarton Rock, on the Clyde, when it was intercepted by a numerically inferior but tactically superior force led by her half-brother, the Earl of Moray.

Cannon fire had been exchanged between both sides before a force of Argyll’s infantry tried to force a passage through to the village of Langside, but they were fired on by a disciplined body of musketeers and forced to retreat as Moray launched a cavalry charge on their confused ranks. The battle proved disastrous for Mary and signalled the death knell of her cause, with more than 100 of her supporters killed or captured and Mary forced to flee into what she then naively thought would be the protection of England’s Queen Elizabeth.

Lord Boyd later showed his devotion to his queen by visiting her periodically during the long exile she spent in England before her eventual execution in the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle, in Northamptonshire, in February 1587. Although the third Earl of Kilmarnock took the side of the Hanoverian government in the abortive Jacobite Rising of 1715, William, the fourth earl, proved loyal to the Jacobite cause in the 1745 Rising, eventually paying the ultimate price for his adherence to the cause. Prince Charles Edward Stuart had arrived on the small Outer Hebridean island of Eriskay on 22 July 1745, landing on the mainland at Loch nan Uamh three days later.

The Stuart Standard was raised on 19 August at Glenfinnan, on Loch Shiel, and victory was achieved at the battle of Prestonpans, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, in September. The confident prince and his army set off on the long march south to London a month later, to claim what was believed to be the rightful Stuart inheritance of the throne. The army reached only as far as Derby, however, before the controversial decision was taken in early December to withdraw back over the border.

Jacobite hopes were later dashed forever - at the battle of Culloden, fought on Drummossie Moor, near Inverness, on 16 April 1746. In what was the last major battle fought on British soil, hundreds of clansmen died on the battlefield while hundreds of others died later from their wounds and the inhumane treatment of their government captors. Although two of his sons were serving in the government ranks, the 40-year-old earl had joined the prince in Edinburgh and raised a troop of cavalry known as Kilmarnock’s Horse. They had advanced with the Jacobite army as far as Derby and were present at the battle of Falkirk on 17 January 1746.

Wounded and taken prisoner at Culloden, the abject Lord Boyd was being led bareheaded along the lines of the victorious Hanoverian army when his eldest son, who was serving as an ensign in the government forces, spotted the plight of his father and rushed forward to give him his own hat. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, Lord Boyd was brought to trial for treason on 28 July 1746.

The statesman Horace Walpole, who was present throughout the trial, left a portrait for posterity of Lord Boyd, describing him as ‘tall and slender, with an extreme fine person; his behaviour a most just mixture between dignity and submission. ‘If in anything to be reprehended, a little affected, and his hair too exactly dressed for a man in his station; but when I say this it is not to find fault with him, but to show how little fault there is to be found.’ Pleading guilty, he threw himself on the mercy of the court, stressing that he had opted to surrender, rather than attempt to escape from the battlefield, but this proved to be of no avail: his head fell under the executioner’s axe on Tower Hill on 18 August 1746.

The Boyd titles were forfeited, but Lord Boyd’s eldest son, through his mother, succeeded to the earldom of Erroll in 1758, and took the surname of Hay. It was not until 1941 that a brother of the 22nd Earl of Erroll again assumed the proud name of Boyd and the title of Lord Kilmarnock. In August 1942 the Boyd’s were reinstated with they’re titles as Knights of Freedom, having advocated for freedom in scotland for centuries, by George VI and inherited they’re birth right as Earl of Ayrshire and by 1952 these titles faded after Sir John Boyd, Earl of Kilmarnock died with his estate being allegedly willed to HM Treasury however no records of his Last Will & Testament are in existence.

The Boyd name lives on with the last recorded Boyd being William Boyd (m. Euphemia), father of three, whom still resides in Ayrshire. No noble titles have been claimed.

Ancestors

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  • Robert Boyd (witnessed a charter concerning Irvine, North Ayrshire in 1205).
  • Robert Boyd (fought at the Battle of Largs in 1263 in support of the Scottish Crown).
  • Sir Robert Boyd, 1st of Kilmarnock (fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and captured at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333)
  • Sir Thomas Boyd, 2nd of Kilmarnock (captured at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346)
  • Sir Thomas Boyd, 3rd of Kilmarnock (pardoned in 1409 by the Regent Albany for killing Neilson of Dalrymple, a personal enemy)
  • Thomas Boyd, 4th of Kilmarnock (d.1432) (hostage for James I of Scotland when he was imprisoned by the English)
  • Sir Thomas Boyd, 5th of Kilmarnock (d.1439) (killed Sir Alan Stewart of Darnely in a feud and was himself killed by Stewart's brother at the Battle of Craignaught Hill in 1439)
  • William Boyd
  • Marcus Boyd
  • Margo Boyd
  • Moira Boyd

Lords Boyd (1454)

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Earls of Kilmarnock (1661)

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Earl of Kilmarnock

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Balfour 1904, p. 155 Notes that considerable confusion exists as to the numbering of the Lords Boyd. In The Scots Peerage Balfour's Robert, 5th Lord Boyd is considered the 3rd Lord, though in the Dictionary National Bibliography (Rigg 1886, pp. 96, 97), as in Douglas, "he is, for some cause, called the fourth Lord, though, if the attainder is not reckoned (whereby three persons, viz. (1) the Earl of Arran (living 1472); (2) James Boyd (died 1484), son and heir of the Earl of Arran; and (3) Alexander Boyd (living 1505), uncle and heir of the said James, were excluded from the succession), he would apparently have been sixth Lord", (Douglas see p. 399, note 6). Balfour states that it now known that the Earl of Arran died v.p., and that James was restored as Lord Boyd in 1482, therefore this Robert was apparently de facto fourth Lord. As, however, there is some doubt on the point, the present writer has determined to reckon them as if each head of the family since the original creation of 1454 had actually succeeded to the Peerage, as indeed but for the attainder of 1469 they would have done. Cokayne writing a decade after agreed with Balfour's numbering (Cokayne 1912, p. 160), as does Hewitt the author of the 21st century article "Boyd, Robert, fifth Lord Boyd (c.1517–1590)" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Hewitt 2004).

References

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  • Balfour, Paul, James (1904). The Scots Peerage; founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: D. Douglas. pp. 149, 150.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1912). Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). Vol. 2. London: The St. Catherine Press, ltd. pp. 260, 261.
  • Hewitt, G. R. (2004). "Boyd, Robert, fifth Lord Boyd (c.1517–1590)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
  • Rigg, James McMullen (1886). "Boyd, Robert (d.1590)" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 6. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 96, 97.
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