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Louis of Toulouse

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Saint Louis of Toulouse
Saint Louis of Toulouse, by Piero della Francesca
Born(1274-02-09)February 9, 1274
Brignoles, France
DiedAugust 19, 1297(1297-08-19) (aged 23)
Brignoles, France
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
CanonizedApril 7, 1317 by John XXII
Major shrineValencia
Feast19 August
Attributesboy bishop, often with a discarded crown by his feet; represented vested in pontifical garments and holding a book and a crosier
PatronageValencia (Spain); Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa; Baler (Philippines)

Saint Louis of Toulouse (9 February 1274 – 19 August 1297) was a cadet of the royal French house of Anjou who was made a Catholic bishop.

Life

He was born in Brignoles, Provence, (or in Italy, at Nocera, where he spent a part of his early life), the second son of Charles of Anjou "the Lame" and Maria Arpad of Hungary,[1] daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary. His father was appointed King of Naples by Pope Clement IV, the former secretary to Louis IX of France. The boy was himself a nephew of Saint Louis (Louis IX) and of Mary of Hungary (her great-aunt being Saint Elizabeth of Hungary), and also the aunt of Saint Louis' mother was Saint Margaret of Hungary.

When Charles II of Naples was taken prisoner in Italy, during the war with King Peter III of Aragon that followed the Sicilian Vespers, he obtained his own freedom by giving over his three sons as hostages.[2] The boys were taken to Catalonia, where they were placed under the care of Franciscan friars for their education and held for seven years.[3] Impressed by one of the friars in particular, Arnauld de Villenueve, Louis took up the study of philosophy and theology.[4] Though still held in captivity, Louis was made archbishop of Lyon as soon as he reached his majority. When his older brother died of plague in 1295,[5] Louis also became heir to his father's secular titles; however, when he was freed that same year, Louis went to Rome and gave up all claims to his royal inheritance in favor of his brother Robert of Anjou and announced that instead he would take the Franciscan vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.[6]

On 5 February 1297, Louis was also consecrated Bishop of Toulouse by Boniface VIII,[7] where his uncle, Alphonse of Toulouse had until recently been Count, but had died in 1271 leaving no heir. In this ambivalently dynastic and ecclesiastical position, in a territory between Provence and Aquitaine that was essential to Angevin interests, despite the princely standing that had won him this important appointment at the age of about 22, Louis rapidly gained a reputation for serving the poor, feeding the hungry, and ignoring his own needs. After just six months, however, apparently exhausted by his labors, he abandoned the position of Bishop. Shortly thereafter he died at Brignoles of a fever, possibly typhoid, at age 23.[7]

Two music theory treatises, De musicae commendacione and Sentencia in musica sonora subiecti, are sometimes attributed to him, but are now thought to be the work of Lodewijk Heyligen (1304–1361).[8]

Veneration

Silver reliquary of Saint Louis of Toulouse (Musée de Cluny)
Saint Louis de Toulouse with the Hungarian-Anjou coat of arms on his chest. Image from the Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle.
Saint Louis de Toulouse, 1450, by Antonio Vivarini. Louvre Museum.

Procedures for his canonization were quickly urged. His case was promoted by Pope Clement V in 1307, and he was canonized by John XXII on 7 April 1317[9] with the bull Sol oriens.[10] His brother Robert at Naples who owed his crown to Louis commissioned a great altarpiece from Simone Martini, depicting Louis with that other saint in the family, Louis IX of France.

The cult of St Louis of Toulouse became relevant in Medieval Hungary. His nephew the Charles I of Hungary (1307–1342) exalted his image and veneration, consecrating churches and a monastery in the settlement of Lippa in his honor, and giving the name of the saint to his eldest son, who later succeeded him on the throne as Louis I of Hungary (1342–1382).

St Louis of Toulouse was not otherwise widely venerated in the rest of Europe, but the Franciscans embraced him, keeping his day in their calendar and removing his relics in 1423 to Valencia, where he was made its patron saint.

He can be recognized in iconography as a boy bishop, often with a discarded crown by his feet.

A polyphonic motet, Flos/Celsa/Quam magnus pontifex, was written in honor of Louis's canonization in 1317. The piece appears anonymously in the Ivrea Codex and has been attributed by modern scholars to Philippe de Vitry.

Legacy

Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, a Franciscan mission in California founded in 1772, is named for him as are the surrounding city and county of San Luis Obispo, California.

Kolleg St Ludwig in Vlodrop, the Netherlands, was dedicated to him (not to be confused with Saint Louis of France, who was king of France and undertook many crusades). The college was founded by Franciscan monks in 1905. It had more than 3000 students until the college was closed and sold in 1984. The building had a large statue of Saint Ludwig of Toulouse on the front of the building. The statue has recently been removed from the building and placed beside the road side on the road from Vlodrop to the college (as a road altar) with a short inscription. The building is preserved as a national monument, even though the present owners (Transcendental Meditation movement) have torn parts of it down.[11] A Vlodrop hotel is also named for Saint Ludwig.[12]

Ancestry

Family of Louis of Toulouse
16. Philip II of France
8. Louis VIII of France
17. Isabelle of Hainaut
4. Charles I of Naples
18. Alfonso VIII of Castile
9. Blanche of Castile
19. Eleanor of England
2. Charles II of Naples
20. Alfonso II, Count of Provence
10. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence
21. Gersenda II of Sabran
5. Beatrice of Provence
22. Thomas I of Savoy
11. Beatrice of Savoy
23. Margaret of Geneva
1. Louis of Toulouse
24. Andrew II of Hungary
12. Béla IV of Hungary
25. Gertrude of Merania
6. Stephen V of Hungary
26. Theodore I Laskaris
13. Maria Laskarina
27. Anna Angelina
3. Maria of Hungary
28. Suthoi, Khan of Cumania
14. Kuthen, Khan of Cumania
7. Elizabeth the Cuman

See also

References

  1. ^ Ronald G. Musto, Apocalypse in Rome: Cola di Rienzo and the Politics of the New Age, (University of California, 2003), 78.
  2. ^ Toynbee, Margaret (1929-01-01). S. Louis of Toulouse and the Process of Canonisation in the Fourteenth Century. Manchester University Press.
  3. ^ In Some Way Even More than Before: Approaches to Understanding St. Louis of Anjou, Franciscan Bishop of Toulouse, Holli J. Grieco, Center and Periphery: Studies on Power in the Medieval World in Honor of William Chester Jordan, ed. Katherine L. Jansen, G. Geltner and Anne E. Lester, (Brill, 2013), 137.
  4. ^ Johnson, Timothy (2007-04-24). Franciscans at Prayer. BRILL. ISBN 9789047419891.
  5. ^ Pryds, Darleen N. (2000-01-01). The King embodies the world: Robert d'Anjou and the politics of preaching. BRILL. ISBN 9004114025.
  6. ^ Arnold, John H. (2014-08-21). The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Christianity. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191015014.
  7. ^ a b Tolan, John V. (2009-03-26). Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199239726.
  8. ^ Andreas Giger (2001). "Ludovicus Sanctus". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)‎
  9. ^ Poverty and Charity: Pope John XXII and the canonization of Louis of Anjou, Melanie Brunner, Franciscan Studies, Vol. 69 (2011), 231.
  10. ^ Cusato, Michael F.; Geltner, Guy (2009-01-01). Defenders and Critics of Franciscan Life: Essays in Honor of John V. Fleming. BRILL. ISBN 9004176306.
  11. ^ Max, Arthur (February 19, 2006). "A Guru's Goals Still Center on Peace and Love". The Washington Post. p. D.01.
  12. ^ St Ludwig Hotel Restaurant
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