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Luanda Trial

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The Luanda Trial was a trial held in Luanda, Angola, in June 1976 during the Angolan Civil War. Thirteen Western mercenaries were sentenced to either long prison terms or execution by firing squad.

Background

Angola had gained its independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975, but the new country was immediately immersed in a three-sided civil war. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba, while the United States and some of its allies backed the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

Thirteen mercenaries fighting for the FNLA - nine British, three American and one Irish - were captured by MPLA forces by mid-February 1976.[1] On May 26, they were indicted by the People's Revolutionary Court in Luanda.[1][2]

Trial

The trial lasted from June 11 to June 16. There were five judges. The presiding judge was Ernesto Teixeira da Silva, the Attorney General of Angola.[1] The other judges were the Director of Angolan Television, two military officers and a member of the National Council of Women in Angola.[1] Guilty verdicts were a foregone conclusion; before the trial had even begun, Luis de Almeida, the Director of Information and Security, stated that the defendants were guilty and that the only thing that needed to be determined was how much punishment to mete out.[1] The following sentences were passed on June 28, 1976:[1]

16 years' imprisonment:

24 years' imprisonment:

  • John Lawlor (UK)
  • Colin Evans (UK)
  • Cecil Martin "Satch" Fortuin (South Africa/UK)

30 years' imprisonment:

  • Michael Douglas Wiseman (UK)
  • Kevin John Marchant (UK)
  • Gustavo Marcelo Grillo, 27 (Argentina/USA)

Execution by firing squad:

  • Costas Georgiou (aka "Colonel Tony Callan"), 25 (Cyprus/UK)
  • Andrew Gordon McKenzie, 25 (UK)
  • Derek John Barker, 35 (UK)
  • Daniel Francis Gearhart, 34 (USA)

Some of the verdicts had been expected, especially regarding Callan; one of his fellow mercenaries described him as "a homicidal maniac, who spent a lot of time killing blacks just for fun".[1] However, Gearhart had arrived in Angola only days before his capture; defense lawyers provided evidence he he had never fired a shot, and likely had not even participated in combat.[3] Acker, an ex-Marine, had been shot in the leg and taken prisoner in his very first taste of combat within five days after arriving in the country.[4] British Prime Minister James Callaghan reportedly requested Angolan President Agostinho Neto show mercy to the men.[2]

Nevertheless, the four condemned men were executed by MPLA military police on July 10, 1976.[1]

Aftermath

The two remaining Americans, Grillo and Acker, were released in November 1982 in a prisoner exchange worked out by the United States Department of State.[5] The British prisoners were released in 1984 after negotiation by the British Foreign Office.[6]

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hoover, Mike J. (1977). "The Laws of War and the Angolan Trial of Mercenaries: Death to the Dogs of War". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 9 (2).
  2. ^ a b "1976: Death sentence for mercenaries". BBC News. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
  3. ^ "Angola's firing squad justice". Chicago Tribune. July 14, 1976.
  4. ^ Donner, Al; Walters, Dan (June 28, 1976). "For Soldier of Fortune Gary Acker, a Luckless Road Runs Out in Faraway Angola". People.
  5. ^ "3 Held by Angola Return to U.S." The New York Times. November 18, 1982.
  6. ^ "Angola. British mercenaries released after 8 years". Associated Press Archive.

Bibliography

  • Burchett, Wilfred and Roebuck, Derek. The Whores of War: Mercenaries Today
  • Kennedy, Bruce. Soldiers of misfortune CNN Interactive
  • Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A CIA story
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