Mahāsammata
| Maha Sammata | |
|---|---|
| King of Jambudvipa | |
| Reign | 11 trillion years BP |
| Successor | Roja |
| Consort | Manikpala |
| Issue | Roja |
| House | Sakya |
| Religion | Buddhism |
Maha Sammata (Pali: Mahā Sammata; Burmese: မဟာ သမ္မတ; also spelled Mahasammata; lit. "the Great Elect"[1][2]) was the first monarch of the world according to Buddhist tradition. The chronicles of Theravada Buddhist tradition such as Mahavamsa and Maha Yazawin state that he was the founder of the Sakya dynasty, to which the historical Buddha belonged. He was the first of the eleven world monarchs named Maha Sammata, each of whom founded the eleven dynasties that existed from the beginning to the day of the Buddha.[3]
Brief
The future king was born "in the beginning of the world" in Jambudvipa, the only habitable continent on earth, to a family descended from the solar race. As no leaders or political orders were in existence, the people elected him to be their king.[1][4] He ascended to the throne with the title Maha Sammata ("the Great Elect"),[2] and took Manikpala, the sister of Vishnu as his queen. As king, he constituted the order of the city-state, the various duties and offices defined for the state, and the boundaries of armies of their protection.[5] Moreover, he also established four different human estates (castes): the rulers, brahmins, the wealthy and the poor. He also compiled the first dhammasattha (law treatise).[4]
There are various historical facts, literature, poetry and cultural practices can be found in Sri Lanka related to Maha Sammata dynasty. Maha Sammata Manu was a rice paddy farmer became the king of the land called Oja Dheepa (today Sri Lanka). He was elected through a participatory democratic election conducted among the civilians, and he also had to show his talents with armory, regarding the country's security. The area where his ancient capital was Manu Arama today called Mannar District. His wife's name is Sankapali. Local people in the island today welcome scholars to study about him.
According to the Mahavamsa Tika (subcommentary), Mahasammata was the bodhisatta in a previous life.[6] The Jataka commentary identifies the primeval king Mahamandhata as being the bodhisatta as well, Mahamandhata being the great-great-great-great grandson of Mahasammata. Mahamandhata is given as an example of one who could obtain great sense-pleasure (and even to the glory of the gods) in his lifetime, but still had to die.[7] The Cetiya Jataka states that the lifespan of Mahasammata was an asankheyya long (literally, "cannot be calculated").
Aftermath
The dynasty he founded was to have a line of 63,000 kings. That dynasty eventually fell because people forgot religion (dharma). The second dynasty was founded by the founder who took the title Maha Sammata II. That dynasty too eventually fell after another 63,000 kings later. The fall of the second dynasty was followed by the foundation of the third dynasty. The cycle of rising and falling dynasties continued to the day of the historical Buddha, over 2500 years ago. Based on the reporting in the Sinhalese and Burmese chronicles, each of the eleven cycles lasted 800 billion years, meaning the earth is 10 trillion years old.[8] According to tradition, there were 334,569 kings (of the 11 dynasties) from Maha Sammata to the time of the historical Buddha.[9]
According to Theravada tradition, a total of 28 Buddhas have appeared including the historical Buddha. The first 24 Buddhas appeared in the first seven cycles. The last four Buddhas appeared in the most recent four cyles.[10]
| Name | Era |
|---|---|
| Kakusandha Buddha | Eighth Maha Sammata Dynasty |
| Koṇāgamana Buddha | Ninth Maha Sammata Dynasty |
| Kassapa Buddha | Tenth Maha Sammata Dynasty |
| Gautama Buddha | Eleventh Maha Sammata Dynasty |
Significance
Maha Sammata is mentioned in various Buddhist traditions. In addition to the Theravada accounts, Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhist schools describe him as the founder of political thought.[11]
See also
References
- ^ a b Kapferer 1997: 68
- ^ a b Rhys Davids 2006: 88
- ^ Kala 1724: 46–51
- ^ a b Kala 1724: 46–48
- ^ Kapferer 2002: 112
- ^ Malalasekera, GP. "Mahāsammata". Tipitaka (Drei-Korb), der Pali Kanon des Theravāda-Buddhismus. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Malalasekera, GP. "Mandhātā". Tipitaka (Drei-Korb), der Pali Kanon des Theravāda-Buddhismus. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Mahanama 1999: 57 in the footnotes by editor Douglas Bullis
- ^ Maha Thilawuntha 1928: 81
- ^ Kala 1724: 51
- ^ Heissig 1980: 69
Bibliography
- Heissig, Walther (1980). The Religions of Mongolia. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520038578.
- Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
- Kapferer, Bruce (1997). Beyond Rationalism: The Feast of the Sorcerer: Practices of Consciousness and Power (illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226424118.
- Kapferer, Bruce (2002). Beyond Rationalism: Rethinking Magic, Witchcraft, and Sorcery (illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571814180.
- Mahanama-sthavira, Thera (1999). Douglas Bullis (ed.). Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka. Jain Publishing Company. ISBN 9780895819062.
- Maha Thilawuntha, Shin (1928). Pe Maung Tin (ed.). Yazawin Kyaw (in Burmese) (4th printing, 2010 ed.). Yangon: Burma Research Society (original publisher), Ya-Pyei (4th priting).
- Rhys Davids, T.W. (2006). Dialogues of the Buddha. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781428635029.