Marchantia polymorpha
| Marchantia polymorpha | |
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| Species: | M. polymorpha
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| Marchantia polymorpha | |
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Marchantia alpestris | |
Marchantia polymorpha, sometimes known as the common liverwort or umbrella liverwort, is a large liverwort with a wide distribution around the world. It is variable in appearance and has several subspecies. It is dioicous, having separate male and female plants.
Description
It is a thallose liverwort which forms a rosette of flattened thalli with forked branches. The thalli grow up to 10 cm long with a width of up to 2 cm. It is usually green in colour but older plants can become brown or purplish. The upper surface has a pattern of hexagonal markings. The underside is covered by many root-like rhizoids which attach the plant to the soil. The plants produce umbrella-like reproductive structures known as gametophores. The gametophores of female plants consist of a stalk with star-like rays at the top. These contain archegonia, the organs which produce the ova. Male gametophores are topped by a flattened disc containing the antheridia which produce sperm. This species reproduces asexually by gemmae that are produced within gemmae cups. Gemmae are lentil shaped and are released by droplets of water. Plants produced in this way can expand a patch significantly.[1]
Distribution and habitat
It is found worldwide from tropical to arctic climates. It grows on moist soil and rocks in damp habitats such as the banks of streams and pools, bogs, fens and dune slacks. It rapidly colonizes burnt ground after fires. It often grows in man-made habitats such as gardens, paths and greenhouses and can be a horticultural weed.
Chemistry
Marchantia polymorpha produces the antifungal bis[bibenzyls] dihydrostilbenoids plagiochin E, 13,13'-O-isoproylidenericcardin D, riccardin H, marchantin E, neomarchantin A, marchantin A and marchantin B.[2]
References
- ^ Equihua, Clementina (1987). "Diseminación de yemas en Marchantia polymorpha L. (Hepaticae)". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichenologie. 8 (3): 199–217.
- ^ Niu, C; Qu, JB; Lou, HX (2006). "Antifungal bisbibenzyls from the Chinese liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 3 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200690004. PMID 17193213.
- Altland, James. Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
- British Bryological Society (2008) Marchantia polymorpha[permanent dead link]. Accessed 4 July 2009.
- Matthews, Robin F. (1993) Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
- Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert & Susan E. Eichhorn (1999) Biology of Plants, W. H. Freeman, New York.
- Rook, Earl J. S. (1999) Marchantia polymorpha. Accessed 4 July 2009.
- Smith, AJE (1989) The Liverworts of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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