Media depictions of body shape: Difference between revisions
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Male characters often negatively comment on average and above average weight females' body shapes and weights and audiences usually react by laughing. Male characters are not immune to unfair representation. 33% of male characters were below average weight and 13% were above average weight. By comparison, approximately 30% of men in the US are overweight.<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Fouts, Gregory and Vaughan, Kimberely|title=Television Situation Comedies: Male Weight, Negative References, and Audience Reactions|journal=Sex Roles|year=2002|month=June|volume=46|issue=11/12|pages=439–442|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/vux1891n61umjl2g/|accessdate=9 March 2012}}</ref> |
Male characters often negatively comment on average and above average weight females' body shapes and weights and audiences usually react by laughing. Male characters are not immune to unfair representation. 33% of male characters were below average weight and 13% were above average weight. By comparison, approximately 30% of men in the US are overweight.<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=Fouts, Gregory and Vaughan, Kimberely|title=Television Situation Comedies: Male Weight, Negative References, and Audience Reactions|journal=Sex Roles|year=2002|month=June|volume=46|issue=11/12|pages=439–442|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/vux1891n61umjl2g/|accessdate=9 March 2012}}</ref> |
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In 2003 a study was conducted on ten top-rated American primetime fictional television programs. 33% of female television characters were underweight.<ref name="Overweight and Obese">{{cite journal|coauthors=Greenberg, Eastin, Hofschire, Lachlan, and Brownell|title=Portrayls of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commerical Television|journal=American Journal of Public Health|year=2003|month=August|volume=93|issue=8|url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org%2Fresources%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fwhat%2Fbias%2FPortrayals-of-Overweight-and-Obese-Individuals.pdf|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref> |
In 2003 a study was conducted on ten top-rated American primetime fictional television programs. 33% of female television characters were underweight.<ref name="Overweight and Obese">{{cite journal|coauthors=Greenberg, Eastin, Hofschire, Lachlan, and Brownell|title=Portrayls of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commerical Television|journal=American Journal of Public Health|year=2003|month=August|volume=93|issue=8|url=http://www.yaleruddcenter.org%2Fresources%2Fupload%2Fdocs%2Fwhat%2Fbias%2FPortrayals-of-Overweight-and-Obese-Individuals.pdf|accessdate=17 March 2012}}</ref> |
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The small number of fat female television characters that do exist are consistently depicted in relation to thinner, highly sexualized female characters. These characters are used as props, against which thinner women are compared, judged and valued. |
The small number of fat female television characters that do exist are consistently depicted in relation to thinner, highly sexualized female characters. These characters are used as props, against which thinner women are compared, judged and valued. |
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==Video games== |
==Video games== |
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Revision as of 03:52, 28 April 2012
Body shape refers to the many physical attributes of the human body that make up its appearance, including size and countenance. Body shape has come to imply not only sexual/reproductive ability, but wellness and fitness. In the West, slenderness is associated with happiness, success, youth, and social acceptability. Being overweight is associated with laziness, lack of willpower, being out of control, and unattractiveness. Women are expected to be slim, while men should be slender and muscular at the same time. The media promotes a weight-conscious standard for women more often than they do for men.[1] Deviance from these norms result in social consequences.[2] The media perpetuates this ideal in various ways. This thin ideal represents less than 5% of the American population.[3]
Magazines
It has been stated that the increase in eating disorders over the past several decades has coincided with an overall decrease in women's ideal body weight portrayed by the mass media.[4]. A group of researchers examined the magazines Cosmopolitan, Glamour, Mademoiselle, and Vogue from 1959 to 1999. Fashion models became increasingly thinner during the 1980s and 1990s. Photos depicting the models' entire bodies significantly increased in number from the 1960s to the 1990s. From 1995 to 1999 models were dressed in far more revealing outfits than they were from 1959 to 1963.[4]
Television
In 28 primetime situational comedies analyzed by researchers in 2002, 33% of the central female characters were below average weight. As the thinness of a female character increased, the number of compliments she received from men did as well. Research has shown below average weight female characters are over represented, while above average weight female characters are underrepresented in situational comedies as compared to the norms of the US population. Primetime television shows that appeal to a primarily female audience, such as Friends or Ally McBeal are helmed by young, attractive, and thin women. Scarily skinny or emaciated women are shown on fashion industry related shows, like House of Style. [5]
Male characters often negatively comment on average and above average weight females' body shapes and weights and audiences usually react by laughing. Male characters are not immune to unfair representation. 33% of male characters were below average weight and 13% were above average weight. By comparison, approximately 30% of men in the US are overweight.[6] In 2003 a study was conducted on ten top-rated American primetime fictional television programs. 33% of female television characters were underweight.[7] The small number of fat female television characters that do exist are consistently depicted in relation to thinner, highly sexualized female characters. These characters are used as props, against which thinner women are compared, judged and valued.
Video games
In 2009 a content analysis of 150 top-selling video games found that games rated for children depicted female characters as significantly thinner than female characters in games rated for adults. Females in video games had significantly larger heads, but smaller chest sizes, waists, and hips than the average American woman.[8]
Lasting effects on viewers
Approximately 92% of women feel pressure to conform to the standards of beauty which the media perpetuates. After viewing images of women with "ideal" body weights, 95% of women overestimate their body size and 40% overestimate the size of their waist, hips, cheeks, or thighs. Those with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, show a significant increase in overestimation of body size after viewing such images. Simmilarly males who are exposed to body-related advertisements show an increase in body dissatisfaction and depression. [5]
See also
- Body image
- Body shape
- Female body shape
- Figure rating scale
- Physical attractiveness
- Self image
- Sex in advertising
- Feminist perspectives on eating disorders
- Eating disorder
References
- ^ "The role of the mass media in promoting a thin standard of bodily attractiveness for women". Sex Roles. 14 (9–10). 1986. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Grogan, Sarah (2008). Body Image Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and Children (Second ed.). Psychology Press.
- ^ &Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "CAESAR: Summary statistics for the adult population (ages 18–65) of the United States of America" (PDF). 1998. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Sypeck, Mia Foley (2004). "No Longer Just a Pretty Face: Fashion Magazines' Depictions of Ideal Female Beauty from 1959 to 1999". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 36 (3): 342–347. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Henriks, Alexandra (9). "Examining the effects of hegemonic depictions of female bodies on television: a call for theory and programmatic research". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 19 (1): 106–123. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Television Situation Comedies: Male Weight, Negative References, and Audience Reactions". Sex Roles. 46 (11/12): 439–442. 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Portrayls of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commerical Television" (PDF). American Journal of Public Health. 93 (8). 2003. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "A Content Analysis of Female Body Imagery in Video Games". Sex Roles. 2009. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9682-9.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)