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Melaloncha

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Melaloncha
Female Melaloncha punctifrons
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Phoridae
Subfamily: Metopininae
Genus: Melaloncha
Brues, 1903[1]
Synonyms

Melaloncha is a genus of phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) commonly referred to as "bee-killing flies". They are found almost exclusively in the Neotropical realm, although there is one record from extreme southern Texas, United States.[4] They are small flies, usually about 2–3 millimetres (0.08–0.12 in) in length. No true fossils are known, although there are some specimens in Colombian copal, of unknown (but likely relatively recent) age.

Life history

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female fly attacking bee
Female M. acoma attacking host stingless bee

Species of Melaloncha are parasitoids of bees, especially stingless bees (Meliponini), but also introduced European honey bees (Apis mellifera), bumblebees (Bombus), and halictid bees (Megalopta).[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Some attack their hosts while flying, darting down to lay their eggs; others land, curl their ovipositor under their bodies and rush their hosts on foot (as in M. acoma, see photo); a few carefully land on their host and stealthily inject their egg.

The flies can be attracted by spraying a mixture of honey and water on undergrowth to attract an aggregation of host bees. Frequently, they are found on palm tree flowers (again, with host bees), and sometimes they are encountered around bee nests.

Taxonomy

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The type species of the genus is Melaloncha pulchella Brues, a species from Bolivia. The holotype specimen was lost in a fire at the Hungarian National Museum. About 170 species are known, but many more exist, and the final total for the genus is likely to be 200–300.[12] Melaloncha is organized into two subgenera, Udamochiras (51 species) and Melaloncha (117 species).

Economic importance

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The parasitization of honey bees and native stingless bees causes premature mortality of workers and is a drain on the colony. The effects of Melaloncha parasitism on commercial beekeeping, including efforts to keep native tropical stingless bees (meliponiculture), and the scale of financial losses due to these flies has not been studied.

Species

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References

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  1. ^ Brues, Charles Thomas (1904). "A monograph of the North American Phoridae". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. (1903) 29: 369–404. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  2. ^ Bezzi, Mario; Stein, Paul (1907). Cyclorrapha Aschiza. Cyclorrapha Schizophora: Schizometopa. Pp. 1-188; 189-825. In Becker, T., Bezzi, M., Kertesz, K., & Stein, P. (eds.), Katalog der palaarktischen Dipteren. Vol. 3. Budapest. pp. 1–828.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Enderlein, G. (1912). "Die Phoridenfauna Süd-Brasiliens". Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 73: 16–45.
  4. ^ "Discover Life map of Melaloncha". Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Brown, Brian V. (2004). "Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae)" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140: 1–42. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00086.x.
  6. ^ Brian V. Brown (2004). "Revision of the Melaloncha cingulata-group of bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 97 (3): 386–392. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0386:ROTMCO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 80679497.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, Brian V.; Kung, Giar-Ann (2006). "Revision of the Melaloncha ungulata-group of bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)" (PDF). Contributions in Science. 507: 1–31. doi:10.5962/p.241298. S2CID 198268371. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Brown, Brian V. (2005). "Revision of the Melaloncha furcata-group of bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)" (PDF). Insect Systematics and Evolution. 36 (3): 241–258. doi:10.1163/187631205788838384. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd Brown, Brian V. (2006). "Revision of the untreated taxa of Melaloncha s. s. bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)" (abstract: PDF). Zootaxa. 1280: 1–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1280.1.1.
  10. ^ a b c Kung, Giar-Ann (2008). "Two new species of the Melaloncha ungulata group of bee-killing flies". Sociobiology. 51: 491–496.
  11. ^ Brian V. Brown (2009). "Three new species of parasitoid Phoridae (Diptera) from the Neotropical Region" (PDF). Sociobiology. 54: 715–722.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gonzalez, Lisa; Brown, Brian V. (2004). "New species and records of Melaloncha (Udamochiras) bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 730: 1–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.730.1.1.
  13. ^ a b c d Borgmeier, T. (1959). "Neue und wenig bekannte Phoriden aus der neotropischen Region. Nebst einigen Arten aud dem Belgischen Congo-Gebiet (Diptera, Phoridae)". Studia ent. 2: 129–208.
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