Microsociology
Microsociology is one of the main points (or focuses) of sociology, concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face.[1] Microsociology is based on interpretative analysis rather than statistical or empirical observation,[2] and shares close association with the philosophy of phenomenology. Methods include symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology; ethnomethodology in particular has led to many academic sub-divisions and studies such as microlinguistical research and other related aspects of human social behaviour. Macrosociology, by contrast, concerns the social structure and broader systems.
Theory
Microsociology exists both as an umbrella term for perspectives which focus on agency, such as Max Weber's theory of social action, and as a body of distinct techniques, particularly in American sociology. The term was conceived by Georges Gurvitch in 1939, borrowing the term from the micro-physics and referring to the irreducible and unstable nature of everyday forms of sociality. It also provided an extra dimension between the studies of social psychology, sociology, and social anthropology — focusing more on individual interaction and thinking within groups, rather than just large social group/societal behaviour. At the micro level, social status and social roles are the most important components of social structure. Microsociology forms an important perspective in many fields of study, including modern psychosocial studies, conversational analysis and human-computer interaction. Microsociology continues to have a profound influence on research in all human fields, often under other names.
Competing frames of reference
Some have considered that face-to-face interaction can be studied in at least three distinct (if overlapping) ways: psychology; intersubjectivity; and microsociology.[3]
Erving Goffman however saw a central tension between Durkheimian approaches, and those drawn from ethology, especially in respect of interpersonal ritual;[4] while followers of him have seen in a Durkheimian microsociology the key to the understanding of large-scale social conflict as well.[5] Erving Goffman Theories of Social Interaction challenged other sociologist to redirect their focus to the questionable aspects of social behavior. [6] Contrary to Erving Goffman's theory, Émile Durkheim believed that Sociologist must accompany their research by advanced Methodological Principles and study Social fact. [6]
Influences
Sartre, in his work on the phenomenology of social dynamics, Critique of Dialectical Reason, written in the late 1950s, called microsociology the only valid theory of human relations.[7] Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu are two more recent theorists who have put microsociological concepts to good use in their works.[8]
The famous psychiatrist, R.D. Laing, was much influenced by Garfinkel's ideas on `degradation ceremonies`.[9] Another famous English writer/polymath who is greatly influenced by the ideas of studying the minutea of human Social action is Jonathan Miller.[10]
Microsociology and (humanistic) social work
Key issues, categories and principles of the microsociology, such as human relations, face-to-face interaction, interpretive/qualitative analysis, attachment and empathy, micro-level analysis, human behavior, micro-community, everyday human life, human context, microculture, focus on agency, have influenced and still influences today the social work theory and practice, having a crucial role in the emergence of humanistic social work (Petru Stefaroi),[11] as response to the structural and systemic social work, which theoretically originates from macrosociology or mesosociology. This is why Malcolm Payne considers microsociology a fundamental theoretical-methodological source of this postmodern and innovative orientation from the contemporary social work, especially of the humanistic social work practice.[12]
Research
Research begins by evaluating the social life of the individuals with the goal of showing the reciprocal relationship between events/actions and the nature of the societal context in which they occur.[13]
Empirical evidence from recorded conversations and the microsociology of emotion has proved of particular interest to students of interaction ritual.[14]
See also
References
- ^ Neil J. Smelser, Problematics of Sociology (1997) p. 5
- ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 18-21
- ^ Smelzer, p. 22
- ^ Goffman, p. 84 and p. 88-9
- ^ Randall Collins, Interaction Ritual Chains (2004) p. 42
- ^ a b Giddens, Anthony; et al. (2014). Introducrion to Sociology. W.W. NORTON. pp. 18, 10–11. ISBN 978-0-393-92223-3.
{{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last=(help) - ^ George J. Stack, Satre's Philosophy of Social Existence (1977) p. 56
- ^ Craig Calhoun et al, Contemporary Sociological Theory (2012) p. 33
- ^ R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience (1984) p. 86
- ^ Michael B. Scher. Soliloquy or Psychosis? A Cultural Look at Schizophrenia.
- ^ Petru Stefaroi, Humanistic Paradigm of Social Work or Brief Introduction in Humanistic Social Work, Social Work Review (2012) 10(1) pp. 161-174.
- ^ Malcolm Payne, Humanistic Social Work: Core Principles in Practice, Chicago: Lyceum, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan (2011) p. 9
- ^ Thomas J. Scheff, "Microsociology", Edited by George Ritzer, 2007, ISBN 9781405124331.
- ^ Collins, p. 47
Further reading
- Turner, Jonathan H. Sociology Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2006.