Misprision of treason
Misprision of treason is an offence found in many common law jurisdictions around the world, having been inherited from English law. It is committed by someone who knows a treason is being or is about to be committed but does not report it to a proper authority.
Australia
Under Australian law a person is guilty of misprision of treason if he:
(a) receives or assists another person who, to his or her knowledge, has committed treason with the intention of allowing him or her to escape punishment or apprehension; or (b) knowing that another person intends to commit treason, does not inform a constable of it within a reasonable time or use other reasonable endeavours to prevent the commission of the offence.
The penalty is life imprisonment.
Canada
Under section 50(1)(b) of the Canadian Criminal Code, a person is guilty of an offence (although it is not described as misprision) if: "knowing that a person is about to commit high treason or treason [he] does not, with all reasonable dispatch, inform a justice of the peace or other peace officer thereof or make other reasonable efforts to prevent that person from committing high treason or treason."
The maximum penalty is 14 years.
Republic of Ireland
Under section 3 of the Treason Act 1939 a person is guilty of misprision of treason if "knowing that any act the commission of which would be treason is intended or proposed to be, or is being, or has been committed, [he] does not forthwith disclose the same, together with all particulars thereof known to him, to a Justice of the District Court, or an officer of the Gárda Síochána, or some other person lawfully engaged on duties relating to the preservation of peace and order."
New Zealand
Section 76(b) of the Crimes Act 1961 provides that any person who "knowing that a person is about to commit treason, fails without reasonable excuse to inform a constable as soon as possible or to use other reasonable efforts to prevent its commission" is guilty of an offence.
A person guilty of this offence is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years.
Russia
Russia has no specific offence of misprision. However Article 275 of the Criminal Code of Russia encourages people to come forward with information by providing them with a statutory defence to treason and other offences:
A person who has committed crimes stipulated in this Article, or by Articles 276 and 278 of this Code, shall be relieved from criminal responsibility if he has facilitated the prevention of further damage to the interests of the Russian Federation by informing the governmental authorities of his own free will and in due time, or in any other way, if his actions contain no other corpus delicti.
United Kingdom
Misprision of treason is an offence under the common law of England and Wales and the common law of Northern Ireland. By statute, the offence of misprision of treason under the common law of England has been made an offence which is cognisable under the law of Scotland.[1] This offence was formerly known as misprision of high treason in order to distinguish it from misprision of petty treason.
The crime is committed where a person knows that treason is being planned or committed and does not report it as soon as he can to a justice of the peace or other authority. The offender does not need to consent to the treason; mere knowledge is enough. Failure to report treason used to itself be treason at common law, but a statute passed by the parliament of 1554–1555[2] created a new offence of misprision of treason, which was a non-capital felony.[3]
Difference between treason and misprision of treason
In R v. Tonge (1662) 6 State Tr 225, it was said that:
Where a person knowing of the design meets with the others and hears them discourse of their traitorous designs and says or acts nothing; this is high treason in that party, for it is more than a bare concealment, which is misprision. But if a person not knowing of their design before, come into their company and hear their discourses, and say nothing, and never meet with them again at their consultations, that conduct is only misprision of high treason.
(For more information about the "Tonge Plot", see Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660-1685 (Marshall, 1994).[4])
Similarly, in R v. Walcott (1683) 9 State Tr 519 at 553, Pemberton, LCJ. said:
For a man to hear of treason accidentally or occasionally and conceal it is but misprision, but if a man will be at consult where treason is hatched and will then conceal it he is guilty of treason therein.
Penalty
It is punishable by imprisonment for life.[5]
Procedure
The procedure on trials for misprision of treason is the same as that on trials for murder.[6][7][8] It is classified as an indictable-only offence.
Limitation
A person may not be indicted for misprision of treason committed within the United Kingdom unless the indictment is signed within three years of the commission of that offence.[9][10]
Scottish Parliament
Misprision of treason is a reserved matter on which the Scottish Parliament cannot legislate.[11]
Misprision of petty treason
Misprision of petty treason was an offence under the common law of England and Wales, and under the common law of Ireland and was classified as a misdemeanour. It was never an offence in Scotland. It ceased to be an offence in England and Wales when petty treason was abolished by the Offences against the Person Act 1828.
United States
In the United States, misprision of treason is a federal offense, committed where someone who has knowledge of the commission of any treason against the United States, conceals such knowledge and does not inform the President, a federal judge or State Governor or State judge (18 U.S.C. § 2382). It is punishable by a fine and up to seven years in federal prison. It is also a crime punishable under the criminal laws of many states.
See also
Notes
- ^ section 1, Treason Act 1708
- ^ section 8, Treason Act 1554 (1 & 2 Phil. & Mar. c.10)
- ^ Sykes v. Director of Public Prosecutions [1961] 3 All ER 33 at 36
- ^ Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II, 1660-1685 at Google Books
- ^ Archbold: Criminal Pleading Evidence & Practice para. 18–38
- ^ section 12(6), Criminal Law Act 1967
- ^ section 14(7) Criminal Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1967
- ^ section 289, Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995
- ^ section 5, Treason Act 1695
- ^ section 1, Treason (Ireland) Act 1821
- ^ paragraph 10, Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act 1998
References
- Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th Edition, 2006 reissue, Volume 11(1), Paragraphs 365 and 366
- J G Bellamy, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages, CUP, Appendix I (2004 ed.) [1].
- William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book 4, Chapter 9, paragraphs 120–121 (1867 ed.) [2] (from Google Books).
- Edward Coke, Institutes of the Laws of England, Part 3, Chapter 3 (p.36) (1797 ed.) [3] (from Google Books).
- Edward Hyde East, Treatise of Pleas of the Crown, Volume 1, Chapter 3 (pp. 139–140) (1806 ed.) [4] (from Google Books).
- Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronæ (History of Pleas of the Crown), Volume 1, Chapter 28, paragraphs 371 to 377 (1800 ed.) [5] (from Google Books).
- William Hawkins, Treatise of Pleas of the Crown, Book 1, Part 1, Chapter 5 (pp. 60–61) (1824 ed.) [6] (from Google Books).