# Moran's theorem

In population ecology, Moran's theorem (or the Moran effect) states that the time correlation of two separate populations of the same species is equal to the correlation between the environmental variabilities where they live.

The theorem is named after Pat Moran, who stated it in a paper on the dynamics of the Canadian lynx populations.[1] It has been used to explain the synchronization of widely dispersed populations. It has the important consequence for conservation ecology that viability of spatially structured populations is lower than one would expect from the local populations: it increases the probability that several local populations go extinct simultaneously.[2]

In its original form it stated: If the two populations have population dynamics given by

${\displaystyle N_{1}(t+1)=f(N_{1}(t))+\epsilon _{1}(t)}$
${\displaystyle N_{2}(t+1)=f(N_{2}(t))+\epsilon _{2}(t)}$

where ${\displaystyle N_{i}}$ is the population size of population ${\displaystyle i}$, ${\displaystyle f}$ is a linear renewal function updating the populations in the same way, and ${\displaystyle \epsilon _{i}}$ the environmental variabilities. Then ${\displaystyle \rho _{N_{1},N_{2}}=\rho _{\epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2}}}$.

The original form assumed a strictly linear structure, but this assumption can be weakened to allow for non-linear functions. It has been suggested that the term "Moran effect" should be used for systems that do not strictly follow the original description.[3] In the general case the correlations will be lower, and the accuracy of the Moran description depends on whether the populations tend to converge to an equilibrium state (good accuracy for low variance variability) or tend to oscillate (eventual breakdown of the correlation).[4]

It has been tested experimentally in a number of cases, such as variation of fruit production,[5] acorn production,[6] bird populations[7] and coral reef fishes.[8]

## References

1. ^ Moran, P. A. P. (1953). "The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. II. Synchronization and meteorology". Australian Journal of Zoology. 1: 291–298. doi:10.1071/zo9530291.
2. ^ Jörgen Ripa, Theoretical Population Ecology and Evolution Group, Equation of the month: the Moran effect
3. ^ Esa Ranta, Veijo Kaitala, Per Lundberg, Ecology of Populations, Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 78
4. ^ Royama, T. (2005). "Moran effect on nonlinear population processes". Ecological Monographs. 75: 277–293. doi:10.1890/04-0770.
5. ^ Rosenstock, T. S.; Hastings, A.; Koenig, W. D.; Lyles, D. J.; Brown, P. H. (2011). "Testing Moran's theorem in an agroecosystem". Oikos. 120: 1434–1440. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19360.x.
6. ^ Koenig, WD; Knops, JM (Jan 2013). "Large-scale spatial synchrony and cross-synchrony in acorn production by two California oaks". Ecology. 94 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1890/12-0940.1.
7. ^ SÆTHER, B.-E.; Engen, S.; GRØTAN, V.; Fiedler, W.; Matthysen, E.; Visser, M. E.; Wright, J.; MØLLER, A. P.; Adriaensen, F.; VAN Balen, H.; Balmer, D.; Mainwaring, M. C.; Mccleery, R. H.; Pampus, M.; Winkel, W. (2007). "The extended Moran effect and large-scale synchronous fluctuations in the size of great tit and blue tit populations". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76: 315–325. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01195.x.
8. ^ Cheal, AJ; Delean, S; Sweatman, H; Thompson, AA (Jan 2007). "Spatial synchrony in coral reef fish populations and the influence of climate". Ecology. 88 (1): 158–69. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[158:ssicrf]2.0.co;2.