Nimbostratus cloud
| Nimbostratus cloud | |
|---|---|
| File:Nimbostratus clouds in Istanbul.jpg | |
| Abbreviation | Ns |
| Symbol |  |
| Genus | Nimbostratus (rain, layered) |
| Species | none |
| Variety | none |
| Altitude | below 3,000 m (below 10,000 ft) |
| Appearance | Dark, widespread, formless layer |
| Precipitation | Yes, but may be virga |
Nimbostratus is a former "Family C" low-level stratiform genus that is now classified by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a vertical or multi-level stratus type because it forms in the middle level or étage of the troposphere and usually spreads vertically into the low and high étages. This change in classification would once have made it a "Family D" cloud, but this style of nomenclature was discontinued by the WMO in 1956. Nimbostratus usually produces precipitation over a wide area. Nimbo- is from the Latin word nimbus, which denotes precipitation. It has a diffuse cloud base generally found anywhere from near surface in the low levels and about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the middle étage. Although usually dark at its base, it often appears illuminated from within to a surface observer.[1] Nimbostratus usually has a thickness of about 2000 m. Though found worldwide, nimbostratus occurs more commonly in the middle latitudes.[2] It is coded CM2 on the SYNOP report.
Downward-growing nimbostratus can have the same vertical extent as most large upward-growing cumulus, but its horizontal extent tends to be even greater. This sometimes leads to the continued exclusion of nimbostratus from the group of vertical clouds by some independent meteorologists. Classifications that follow this approach usually show nimbostratus either as low-étage[3][4] [5] to denote its normal base height range, or as middle-etage[6] based on the altitude range at which it normally forms.
- Species and varieties: Nimbostratus is very thick, opaque, and featureless, so this genus type is not subdivided into species or varieties.[7][8]
- Precipitation-based supplementary features: Nimbostratus is a major precipitation cloud and produces the virga or praecipitatio features. The latter can achieve heavy intensity due to the cloud's vertical depth.
- Accessory cloud: Pannus frequently forms in precipitation and is coded CL7.
- Genitus mother clouds: This genus type can form from cumulus and cumulonimbus.
- Mutatus mother clouds: Nimbostratus can form due to the complete transformation of altocumulus, altostratus and stratocumulus.
Formation
Nimbostratus occurs along a warm front or occluded front where the slowly rising warm air mass creates nimbostratus along with shallower stratus clouds producing less rain, these clouds being preceded by higher-level clouds such as cirrostratus and altostratus.[9][10] Often, when an altostratus cloud thickens and descends into lower altitudes, it will become nimbostratus.[11]
Nimbostratus, unlike cumulonimbus, is not associated with thunderstorms, however at an unusually unstable warm front caused as a result of the advancing warm air being hot, humid and unstable, cumulonimbus clouds may be embedded within the usual nimbostratus. Lightning from an embedded cumulonimbus cloud may interact with the nimbostratus but only in the immediate area around it. In this situation with lightning and rain occurring it would be hard to tell which type of cloud was producing the rain from the ground, however cumulonimbus tend to produce larger droplets and more intense downpours. The occurrence of cumulonimbus and nimbostratus together is uncommon, and usually only nimbostratus is found at a warm front.
Nimbostratus pannus is an accessory cloud of nimbostratus that forms as a ragged layer in precipitation below the main cloud deck.[12]
Forecast
Usually, nimbostratus is a sign of easily steady to powerful precipitation, as opposed to the shorter period of typically heavier precipitation released by a cumulonimbus cloud.[2] However, precipitation does not occur at ground level in case of virga and accompanies other cloud types. Precipitation may last for several days, depending on the speed of the warm or occluded front it accompanies.[9] A nimbostratus virga cloud is the same as a normal nimbostratus cloud, but the precipitation is virga and it never reaches the ground. Stratus or stratocumulus (comprising the warm sector of a frontal system) usually forms when it clears.
Origin of name
Under Luke Howard's first systematized study of clouds, carried out in France in 1802, three general cloud forms were established based on appearance and characteristics of formation: cirriform, cumiliform and stratiform. These were further divided into upper and lower types depending on altitude. In addition to these three main types, Howard added two names to designate multiple cloud types joined together: cumulostratus, a blending of cumulus clouds and stratus layers, and nimbus, a complex blending of cirriform, cumuliform, and stratiform clouds with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation.
Later, in the 20th Century, an IMC commission for the study of clouds put forward a refined and more restricted definition of the genus nimbus, effectively reclassifying it as a stratiform cloud type. It was then renamed nimbostratus, and published with the new name in the 1932 edition of the International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky. This left cumulonimbus as the only nimbiform type as indicated by its root-name.
References
- ^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Nimbostratus, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). Vol. I. pp. 37–39. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ a b Pretor-Pinney, Gavin (2007). The Cloudspotter's Guide: The Science, History, and Culture of Clouds. Perigee. ISBN 0-399-53345-1.
- ^ "cloud: Classification of Clouds". Infoplease.com.
- ^ Hatheway, Becca (2009). "Cloud Types". Windows to the Universe, US National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ UXL, ed. (2002). "clouds. UXL Encyclopedia of Science". Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ JetStream (5 January 2010). "Cloud Classifications". National Weather Service. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Species, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). pp. 18–20. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Varieties, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). pp. 20–22. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ a b Dunlop, Storm (2003). Weather Identification Handbook: The Ultimate Guide for Weather Watchers. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-58574-857-9.
- ^ Thompson, Graham; Turk, Jonathan (1993). Earth Science and the Environment. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing. ISBN 0-03-075446-1.
- ^ Lankford, Terry (2000). Aviation Weather Handbook. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-136103-3.
- ^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Features, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). Vol. I. pp. 22–24. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
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