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{{Redirect|NGO}}
A '''non-governmental organization''' ('''NGO''') is a legally constituted organization created by [[natural person|natural]] or [[legal person]]s that operates independently from any [[government]] and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that have no government status. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider [[society|social]] aim that has [[Politics|political]] aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as [[Political party|political parties]]. Unlike the term "[[intergovernmental organization]]", the term "non-governmental organization" has no generally agreed legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.

The number of [[international nongovernmental organization|internationally operating NGOs]] is estimated at 40,000.<ref>(Anheier et al., "Global Civil Society 2001", 2001)</ref> National numbers are even higher: [[Russia]] has 277,000 NGOs;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-russia-civil_rodriguezmay07,0,3849939.story | work=Chicago Tribune | title=Hobbled NGOs wary of Medvedev - - chicagotribune.com}}</ref> [[India]] is estimated to have around 3.3 million NGOs.<ref>[http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-more-ngos-than-schools-and-health-centres oneworld.net]</ref>

==Terminology==

NGOs are defined by the [[World Bank]] as "private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development".<ref>Operational Directive 14.70 - see [http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/igo_ngo_coop/ngo_wb.html NGO Research Guide], Duke University Libraries.</ref>

===NPOs and NGOs===
Common usage varies between countries - for example NGO is commonly used for domestic organizations in [[Australia]] that would be referred to as [[non-profit organization]]s in the [[United States]]. Such organizations that operate on the international level are fairly consistently referred to as "non-governmental organizations", in the United States and elsewhere.

There is a growing movement within the [[non-profit organization]]/non-government sector to define itself in a more constructive, accurate way. The "non-profit" designation is seen to be particularly dysfunctional because of at least three reasons: 1) It says nothing about the purpose of the organization, only what it is not; 2) It focuses the mind on "profit" as being the opposite of the organization's purpose; 3) It implies that the organization has few financial resources and may run out of money before completing its mission. Instead of being defined by "non-" words, organizations are suggesting new terminology to describe the sector. The term "[[social benefit organization]]" (SBO) is being adopted by some organizations. This defines them in terms of their positive mission. The term "[[civil society]] organization" (CSO) has also been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance.<ref>Glasius, Marlies, Mary Kaldor and Helmut Anheier (eds.) [http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/yearbook06-7.htm "Global Civil Society 2006/7"]. London: Sage, 2005.</ref> The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector — as one of citizens, for citizens.<ref>Drayton, W: [http://www.alliancemagazine.org/free/html/jun07a.html "Words Matter"]. ''Alliance Magazine'', Vol. 12/No.2, June 2007.</ref> These labels, SBO and CSO, position the sector as its own entity, without relying on language used for the government or business sectors. However, some have argued that ''CSO'' is not particularly helpful, given that most NGOs are in fact funded by governments and/or profit-driven businesses and that some NGOs are clearly hostile to independently organized people's organizations.<ref name="globall" /><ref>[http://www.indymedia.org/el/2007/12/897831.shtml South African Grassroots Movements Rebel Against NGO Authoritarianism]</ref> The term "social benefit organization" seems to avoid that problem, since it does not assume any particular structure, but rather focuses on the organization's mission.

==History==
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839.<ref>The Rise and Fall of Transnational Civil Society: The Evolution of International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1839. By T. R. Davies [http://www.city.ac.uk/intpol/dps/WorkingPapers/T_Davies%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Transnational%20Civil%20Society.pdf City University London Working Paper]. Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Winter 1997.</ref> It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs.<ref>Subcontracting Peace - The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. Edited by: Richmond, Oliver P., and Carey, Henry F. Published by Ashgate, 2005. Page 21.</ref> International NGOs were important in the [[anti-slavery movement]] and the movement for [[women's suffrage]], and reached a peak at the time of the [[World Disarmament Conference]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Thomas Richard|title=The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars|year=2007|isbn=978 9004162 58 7}}</ref> However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the [[United Nations Organization]] in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of [[Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter]]<ref>[http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/chapt10.htm Charter of the United Nations: Chapter X<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—see [[Consultative Status]]. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in [[sustainable development]] was recognized in Chapter 27<ref>[http://habitat.igc.org/agenda21/a21-27.htm Agenda 21 - Chapter 27: Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations: Partners for Sustainable Development, Earth Summit, 1992<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of [[Agenda 21]], leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the [[United Nations]] and non-governmental organizations.<ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1996/eres1996-31.htm 1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the [[welfare state]]. Further [[globalization]] of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the [[Washington consensus]].<ref name="globall">Pawel Zaleski ''Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector'', [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006</ref>

Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. [[Treaty|International treaties]] and international organizations such as the [[World Trade Organization]] were perceived{{By whom|date=November 2010}} as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises. Some{{Who|date=November 2010}} argued that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian issues]], [[developmental aid]] and [[sustainable development]]. A prominent example of this is the [[World Social Forum]], which is a rival convention to the [[World Economic Forum]] held annually in January in [[Davos, Switzerland|Davos]], [[Switzerland]]. The fifth World Social Forum in [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist<ref>[http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/ Abahlali baseMjondolo ''Rethinking Public Participation from below], 'Critical Dialogue', 2006</ref> in nature, that they sometimes operate in a [[racialized]] manner in [[third world]] countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era. The philosopher [[Peter Hallward]] argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics.<ref>See his ''Damming the Flood'' (Verso, London, 2007.)</ref> Whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive.<ref>Stone, Diane. "Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the ‘Transnationalisation’ of Policy", ''Journal of European Public Policy.austiniskewl'', 11(3) 2004: 545–66.</ref>

==Types of NGOs==
NGO type can be understood by orientation and level of co-operation.

NGO type by orientation
*Charitable orientation;
*Service orientation;
*Participatory orientation;
*Empowering orientation;

NGO type by level of co-operation
*Community- Based Organization;
*City Wide Organization;
*National NGOs;
*International NGOs;

Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example: independent sector, volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term "NGO".

These include:
* BINGO, short for Business-friendly International NGO or Big International NGO;
* [[Civil society|CSO]], short for civil society organization;
* DONGO: Donor Organized NGO;
* [[ENGO]]: short for environmental NGO, such as [[Greenpeace]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]
* [[GONGO]]s are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in question;
* [[INGO]] stands for international NGO; [[Oxfam]], INSPAD[http://inspad.org] is an international NGO;
* [[QUANGO]]s are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the [[American National Standards Institute]], which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
* TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;
* TNGO: short for transnational NGO;
* GSO: [[Grassroots Support Organization]]
* MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO

[[USAID]] refers to NGOs as ''private voluntary organisations''. However many scholars have argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate funded and managed projects with professional staff.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the [[natural environment]], encouraging the observance of [[human rights]], improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations.

==Activities==

There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the [[World Bank]] uses divides them into Operational and Advocacy:<ref name="definition">[http://docs.lib.duke.edu/igo/guides/ngo/define.htm World Bank Criteria defining NGO]</ref>

'''Operational NGOs'''
Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small scale change directly through projects."<ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref> " They mobilize financial resources, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field. They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts in order to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; with a main headquarter that is staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects<ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref> Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues. Operational NGOs can be further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the division into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations; they can also be classified according to whether they stress service delivery or participation; or whether they are religious or secular; and whether they are more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or international. The defining activity of operational NGOs is implementing projects. <ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref>

'''Campaigning NGOs'''
Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through influence of the political system."<ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref>
Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must plan and host demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations. <ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref> Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, women's rights, children's rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist events.

'''Operational and Campaigning NGOs'''
It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be remedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rights organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help through their advocacy work.<ref>{{cite web|last=Willitts|first=Peter|title=What Is a Non-Governmental Organization|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM|work=UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|publisher=Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, 2002}}</ref>
==Methods==
NGOs vary in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as [[Oxfam]], concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean [[drinking water]], whereas an NGO like the [[FFDA]] helps through investigation and documentation of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as [[Afghanistan Information Management Services]], provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations.

===Public relations===
Non-governmental organisations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics <ref>[http://www.wango.org/codeofethics.aspx Wango.org]</ref> was established in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental NGOs.

===Project management===
There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in non-governmental organizations.<ref>[http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/pdf/int-work-paper4.pdf|100&nbsp;<!-- application/pdf, 102909 bytes [[Kibibyte|KiB]] --> LSE.ac.uk], Mukasa, Sarah. ''Are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda.'' Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at London School of Economics. 2002, p. 11–13.</ref> Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in local action.

==Staffing==
Not all people working for non-governmental organizations are [[volunteer]]s.

There is some dispute as to whether [[expatriate]]s should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a [[Donation|donor]] who wants to see the supported project managed by someone from an [[Developed country|industrialized country]]. However, the expertise these employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors: the cost of [[Alien (law)|foreigners]] is typically higher, they have no [[grassroots democracy|grassroot connections]] in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued.<ref name="definition" />

The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} For example, by the end of 1995, [[Concern Worldwide|CONCERN worldwide]], an international Northern NGO working against poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], and in [[Haiti]].

==Funding==
Large NGOs may have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the [[American Association of Retired Persons]] (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/12687/edition_id/245/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly |publisher=Jewish News Weekly of Northern California |date=1999-12-19 |accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref> Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of [[Product (business)|good]]s and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private [[donation]]s. Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs.

Even though the term "non-governmental organization" implies [[independence]] from governments, most NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding.<ref name="globall" /> A quarter of the US$162 million income in 1998 of the [[Famine relief|famine-relief]] organization [[Oxfam]] was donated by the British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization [[World Vision]] collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government. [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its income from government sources.<ref>[http://www.intractableconflict.org/m/role_ngo.jsp ''Intractable Conflict Knowledge Base Project'' of the Conflict Research Consortium at the University of Colorado.]</ref>

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in ''[[The New Republic]]'', "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."<ref>[http://www.tnr.com/article/world/75421/ng-uh-o?page=0,0 NG-Uh-O - The trouble with humanitarianism] David Rieff, June 10, 2010, ''The New Republic''</ref> Some NGOs, such as [[Greenpeace]] do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations.<ref name="HBS">[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html Harvard Business School, HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists]</ref><ref name="GP Annual report 2008">[http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/international-annualreport-2008.pdf Greenpeace, Annual Report 2008] (pdf)</ref>

==Monitoring and control==
In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international community has a [http://www.iciss.ca/menu-en.asp "right to protect"] citizens of the world against ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the Responsibility to Protect {{PDFlink|[http://www.iciss.ca/pdf/Commission-Report.pdf R2P]|434&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 444467 bytes -->}} project, outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=55&ItemID=9238 coup] in Haiti.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

Years after R2P, the [[World Federalist Movement]], an organization which supports "the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international authority among separate agencies", has launched Responsibility to Protect - Engaging Civil Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project.

The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting or other monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and watchdog organizations that research and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

In recent years, many large corporations have increased their [[corporate social responsibility]] departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices. As the logic goes, if corporations work ''with'' NGOs, NGOs will not work ''against'' corporations.

In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) [[S. Ward Casscells]] established an [[International Health]] Division under Force Health Protection & Readiness.<ref>[http://www.ha.osd.mil/FHPR/default.cfm OSD.mil]</ref> Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05,<ref>[http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p.pdf DTIC.mil]</ref> in 2005, requires DoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to warfighting. In compliance with [[Geneva conventions|international law]], DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict such as [[Iraq]], where the customary lead agencies ([[State Department]] and [[USAID]]) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the "co-option" strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoD's emphasis on stability and security to reduce and prevent conflict suggests, on careful analysis, important mutual interests.

==Legal status==
The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country's laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide:<ref>Grant B. Stillman (2007), [http://books.google.com/books?id=icRqqTdl_EIC ''Global Standard NGOs''], Geneva: Lulu, pp. 13-14.</ref>
*Unincorporated and [[voluntary association]]
*[[Trusts]], [[charities]] and [[Foundation (nonprofit organization)|foundations]]
*Companies [[not just for profit]]
*Entities formed or registered under special NGO or [[NPO|nonprofit]] laws

NGOs are not subjects of [[international law]], as states are. An exception is the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]], which is subject to certain specific matters, mainly relating to the [[Geneva Convention]].

The [[Council of Europe]] in [[Strasbourg]] drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs.

==Critiques==

Stuart Becker provides the following summary of the primary critiques of NGOs: "There’s a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racist manner in Third World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Philosopher [[Peter Hallward]] argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics."<ref>[http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011012846452/Special-Supplements/the-definitive-description-of-a-non-government-organisation.html The definitive description of a non-government organisation], Friday, 28 January 2011 16:43 Stuart Alan Becker, ''The Phnom Penh Post''</ref>

== Steps in establishing NGOs ==
The first step in the establishment of the NGO is to identify the area of peculiar needs of the society, such as health, HIV/AIDS, Maternal Mortality, Polio, food, shelter,education, civil liberty and poverty alleviation among others.

The second step is to identify people of similar minds; there must be a unity of purpose.
The third step is to engage the services of a qualified legal practitioner for guidance for the Registration process. Some NGOs can be registered with the regional or central government and that depends on the scope of the operations of the proposed NGO. The next important step also is to identify the internal or external partners with a clearly stated objectives and plan of actions.

==See also==
<div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2">
* [[:Category:Non-governmental organizations by country|Category:Non-governmental organizations by country]]
* [[Charitable organization]]
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Community foundation]]
* [[NGO-isation]]
* [[Non-profit organization]]
* [[Not just for profit]]
* [[Occupational health and safety]]
</div>

==Notes and references==
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{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. ''NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom'' Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 [http://www.churchland.co.za/upload/files/OccasionalPaperNo3.pdf Churchland.co.za]
* Olivier Berthoud, ''NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity'' [http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1526 Envio.org.ni], PDF [http://www.edinter.net/docs/ONGBOLEN0102.pdf Edinter.net] Envio, Managua, 2001
* Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey
* Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN 3-598-22030-8
* Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6: 1-8. [http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/cmJournalAg.pdf#page=5 IRRI.org]
* [[Ann Florini]], ed. The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and [[Japan Center for International Exchange]], 2001).
* Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. [[Cornell University Press]]
* Rodney Bruce Hall, and Biersteker, Thomas. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2003)
* Dorthea Hilhorst, The Real World of NGOs: Discourses, Diversity and Development, Zed Books, 2003
* Joan Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).
* Ian Smillie, & Minear, Larry, editors. The Charity of Nations: Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World, Kumarian Press, 2004
* Simon Maxwell and Diane Stone. (eds) ''Global Knowledge Networks and International Development: Bridges Across Boundaries'' (Routledge, 2005: I-xix; 1-192).
* [[Sidney Tarrow]], The New Transnational Activism, New York :Cambridge University Press, 2005
* Thomas Ward, editor. Development, Social Justice, and Civil Society: An Introduction to the Political Economy of NGOs, Paragon House, 2005
* H. Teegen, 2003. ‘International NGOs as Global Institutions: Using Social Capital to Impact Multinational Enterprises and Governments’, Journal of International Management.
* Jennifer Brinkerhoff, [[Stephen C. Smith]], and Hildy Teegen, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals: Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
* S.Goonatilake. Recolonisation: Foreign Funded NGO's in Sri Lanka, Sage Publications 2006.
* Teegen, H. Doh, J., Vachani, S., 2004. “The importance of nongovernmental organisation in global governance and value creation: an international business research agenda“ in Journal of International Business Studies. Washington: Vol. 35, Iss.6.
* K. Rodman, (1998)."‘Think Globally, Punish Locally: Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions" in Ethics in International Affairs, vol. 12.
*Grant B. Stillman (2006), ''NGO Law and Governance: a resource book'', ADB Institute, Tokyo, ISBN 4-89974-013-1.
''More useful are regional histories and analyses of the experience of NGOs. Specific works (although this is by no means an exhaustive list) include:''
* T. R. Davies, ''The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars'', Brill, 2007. ISBN 3-598-22030-8
* H. Englund, ''Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights & the Africa Poor'', University of California Press, 2006
* Carrie Meyer, ''The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America'', Praeger Publishers, July 30, 1999
* Chhandasi Pandya. 2006. ''[http://unhabitat-indonesia.org/files/rep-347.pdf Private Authority and Disaster Relief: The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias]''. Critical Asian Studies. Vol. 38, No. 2. Pg. 298-308. Routledge Press: Taylor & Francis Group
* Maha Abdelrahman, ''Civil Society Exposed: The Politics of NGOs in Egypt'', The American University in Cairo Press, 2004. [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg Al-Ahram Weekly] has done a [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/756/bo10.htm review of the book].
* Sangeeta Kamat, ''Development hegemony: NGOs and The State in India'', Delhi, New York; Oxford University Press, 2002
* Adama Sow, ''[http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0307.pdf Chancen und Risiken von NGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007]'' – [[European University Center for Peace Studies|EPU]] Research Papers: Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 {{de icon}}
* [[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]], "Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.
* [[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]], "NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41-69.
* Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?
* Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance," Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286.
* Abahlali baseMjondolo [http://antieviction.org.za/related-writing-and-resources/rethinking-public-participation-from-below/''Rethinking Public Participation from Below''], 'Critical Dialogue', 2006
Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press).
The ''de facto'' reference resource for information and statistics on International NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational forms is the [[Yearbook of International Organizations]], produced by the [[Union of International Associations]].

==External links==
* [http://www.city.ac.uk/intpol/dps/WorkingPapers/T_Davies%20The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20Transnational%20Civil%20Society.pdf A brief history of Non-Governmental Organizations]
* [http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/tom.davies/ Historical Database of International NGOs]
* [http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/ Duke University NGO Library]
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/index.htm Global Policy Forum: The site includes articles on a wide range of aspects of NGOs.]
* [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/publications/iwp/Default.htm London School of Economics International Working Paper Series on NGOs]
* [http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM What is a Non-Governmental Organization? City University, London]
{{Charity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Non-Governmental Organization}}
[[Category:Charities]]
[[Category:Civil Affairs]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations| ]]
[[Category:Philanthropy]]
[[Category:Political science terms]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]

[[ar:منظمة غير حكومية]]
[[ast:ONG]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hui-chèng-hú cho͘-chit]]
[[be-x-old:Грамадзкія арганізацыі]]
[[bs:Nevladina organizacija]]
[[bg:Неправителствена организация]]
[[ca:Organització no governamental]]
[[cs:Nestátní nezisková organizace]]
[[da:Ngo]]
[[de:Nichtregierungsorganisation]]
[[el:Μη κυβερνητική οργάνωση]]
[[es:Organización no gubernamental]]
[[eo:Ne-registara organizaĵo]]
[[eu:Gobernuz Kanpoko Erakunde]]
[[fa:سازمان مردم‌نهاد]]
[[fr:Organisation non gouvernementale]]
[[gl:Organización non gobernamental]]
[[ko:비정부 기구]]
[[hy:Հասարակական կազմակերպություն]]
[[hi:अशासकीय संस्था]]
[[hr:Nevladina organizacija]]
[[id:Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat]]
[[it:Organizzazione non governativa]]
[[ka:არასამთავრობო ორგანიზაცია]]
[[sw:Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali]]
[[lb:Netregierungsorganisatioun]]
[[lt:Nevyriausybinė organizacija]]
[[hu:Társadalmi szervezet]]
[[ms:Pertubuhan bukan kerajaan]]
[[nl:Niet-gouvernementele organisatie]]
[[ja:非政府組織]]
[[no:Ikke-statlig organisasjon]]
[[pl:Organizacja pozarządowa]]
[[pt:Organização não governamental]]
[[ro:Organizație non-guvernamentală]]
[[qu:Mana kamachiy tantanakuy]]
[[ru:Общественная организация]]
[[sq:Organizata joqeveritare]]
[[simple:Non-governmental organization]]
[[sk:Mimovládna organizácia]]
[[sl:Nevladna organizacija]]
[[sr:Невладина организација]]
[[sh:Nevladina organizacija]]
[[fi:Kansalaisjärjestö]]
[[sv:Icke-statlig organisation]]
[[tl:Di-pampamahalaang organisasyon]]
[[ta:அரச சார்பற்ற அமைப்பு]]
[[th:องค์การสาธารณประโยชน์]]
[[tr:Sivil toplum kuruluşu]]
[[uk:Неприбуткові недержавні організації]]
[[ur:غیر سرکاری تنظیم]]
[[vi:Tổ chức phi chính phủ]]
[[wa:Soce nén loyeye a on govienmint]]
[[zh:非政府组织]]

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