Northern Wars
Northern Wars is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.[2]
Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:
- The Russo-Swedish War (1554–57), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti[2]
- The Livonian War (1558–83), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack[2]
- The Northern Seven Years' War (1562–70), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians[2]
- The Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War (1654–67), "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians[2]
- The Second Northern War (1655–60), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography[2]
- The Scanian War (1674–79)
- The Great Northern War (1700–21), also "Third Northern War"[2] or "Second Northern War"[3]
See also
- War in the North (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
- Russo-Swedish Wars
- Polish–Swedish wars
- Early modern warfare
Sources
References
Bibliography
- Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
{{cite book}}: Check|first=value (help)