View source for Ocean ship

{{Short description|Class of cargo ships built during WWII}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image               = File:Ocean Traveller LOC fsa.8b07487.jpg
| Ship caption             = ''Ocean Traveller'' launch, August, 1942
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
| Builders                 =*[[Permanente Metals Corporation]], Richmond, California
*[[Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding]], South Portland, Maine
| Operators                = Ministry of War Transport
| Class before             =
| Class after              =
| Subclasses               =
| Built range              = October 1941 &ndash; November 1942
| In service range         = 1941&ndash;1985<ref group=note>Last confirmed scrapping, two ships may have been in service until the 1990s.</ref>
| Total ships building     =
| Total ships planned      = 60
| Total ships completed    = 60
| Total ships cancelled    =
| Total ships active       =
| Total ships laid up      =
| Total ships lost         =*18 (to enemy action)
*8 (accidents)
| Total ships retired      =
| Total ships scrapped     = 33 (including two ships lost to enemy action and subsequently salvaged)
| Total ships preserved    =
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header              =
| Header caption           =
| Ship type                = Cargo ship
| Ship tonnage             = {{GRT|7,174}}
| Ship displacement        =
| Ship length              = {{convert|416|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam                = {{convert|57|ft|abbr=on}}
| Ship height              =
| Ship draught             =
| Ship draft               =
| Ship depth               =
| Ship decks               =
| Ship deck clearance      =
| Ship ramps               =
| Ship ice class           =
| Ship sail plan           =
| Ship power               = Triple expansion steam engine
| Ship propulsion          =
| Ship speed               = {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}
| Ship capacity            =
| Ship crew                =
| Ship notes               =
}}
|}

The '''Ocean ships''' were a class of sixty [[cargo ships]] built in the United States by [[Todd Shipyards Corporation]] during the [[Second World War]] for the British [[Ministry of War Transport]] under contracts let by the [[British Purchasing Commission]]. Eighteen were lost to enemy action and eight to accidents; survivors were sold postwar into merchant service.

To expedite production, the type was based on an existing design, later adapted to become the [[Liberty ship]]. Yards constructed to build the Oceans went immediately into production of Liberty hulls.<ref name=Wardlow>{{cite book |last1=Wardlow |first1=Chester |year=1999 |title=The Technical Services — The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations |series=United States Army in World War II |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |lccn=99490905 |page=156}}</ref><ref name=PMRNov>{{cite journal |year=1942 |title=Last British Vessels Launched by Todd |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=Consolidated 1942 issues |issue=November 1942 |page=105 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3942paci#page/n880/mode/1up |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> Before and during construction the ships are occasionally mentioned as "British Victory" or victory ships as distinct from the United States variant known as the Liberty ship.

==Contract and yards==
On 19 December 1940 John D. Reilly, president of Todd Shipyards Corporation, announced that contracts totaling [[US$]]100,000,000 had been signed between two Todd affiliates and the British Purchasing Commission for the construction of sixty cargo ships with thirty to be built at [[Permanente Metals Corporation|Todd California Shipbuilding Corporation]] in [[Richmond, California]] and thirty at [[Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding]], [[South Portland, Maine]].<ref name=PMRJan41>{{cite journal |year=1941 |title=British Order Sixty 10,000 Dwt. Cargo Steamers |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1941 issues |issue=January 1941 |pages=42–43 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n11/mode/1up |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> The ships, each estimated at $1,600,000, were to be built in entirely new yards with initial yard construction started 20 December 1940 and yard completion planned in four months with the first keels laid two and a half months after start of the yard construction.<ref name=PMRJan41 /> Each yard was estimated to need 5,000 or more workers.<ref name=PMRJan41 /> [[Henry J. Kaiser]], then head of [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation]], was to become president of the Todd California entity and William S. Newell, then head of [[Bath Iron Works]], president of the Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding entity.<ref name=PMRJan41 />

On 14 January 1941 groundbreaking took place for the new yard on a 48-acre site at Richmond, with the keel for the first Ocean ship laid seventy-eight days later on 14 April.<ref name=PMRNov41 /><ref name=PMRMay41>{{cite journal |year=1941 |title=Richmond Shipbuilding Corporation |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1941 issues |issue=May 1941 |pages=48–49 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n309/mode/1up |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> With a contract from the Maritime Commission for twenty-four emergency type ships of the [[Liberty ship|Liberty]] class, Kaiser began construction of six ways at his nearby Richmond Shipbuilding Corporation yards four days later.<ref name=PMRMay41 />

The sunken basins in the Maine yard were the first in the world used to mass-produce ships.<ref name="PMRNov"/>

==Description==
The Oceans were of steel construction with a welded hull to a design by naval architects Gibbs & Cox built to British [[Lloyd's Register|Lloyd's]] requirements and specifications under the inspection Lloyd's Chief Surveyor in the United States.<ref name=PMRJan41 /> The design was based on the British "Sunderland [[Tramp trade|Tramp]]", which originated in 1879{{refn|group=note|"In the autumn of 1940, Britain had placed an order for sixty tramp steamers of about 10,000 ton deadweight capacity. The original design came from Sunderland, England, and originated in 1879. This style of vessel had been produced until the mid-1930s, the last one being SS ''Dorrington Court''. The adaptation was from a wartime plan entitled, "The Northeast Coast, Open Shelter Deck Steamer," and generally known as "The North Sands 9300 Tonner." The scantlings allowed for an 18-inch increase in draft upon the closure of all tonnage openings and provided a closed shelter deck vessel of 10,100 deadweight tons. The vessels were to be designated as Ocean-class ships."<ref name="whatis">{{cite web |url=http://projectlibertyship.com/html/topics/what_is_a_liberty.html |title= What is a Liberty Ship? |work=Project Liberty Ship |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101735/http://projectlibertyship.com/html/topics/what_is_a_liberty.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>}} and was last built 1939 by [[J.L. Thompson and Sons]] North Sands shipyard becoming the basis for the Ocean class of freighter.<ref name="whatis"/> The 1940 contract for the Ocean type called for them to be built in United States yards.<ref name=Wardlow /><ref name=PMRJan41 /><ref name="whatis"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortships.tripod.com/oceans.htm |title=The Oceans |last=DeRoy-Jones |first=Angela |date=May 27, 2004 |work=Fort Ships of WWII |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref>

They were all nominally {{GRT|7174|link=off}} with a length of {{convert|416|ft|abbr=on}} and a beam of {{convert|57|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Ocean>{{cite web|url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/OCEAN.html |title=The 'Oceans' |work=Mariners |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The ships were powered by [[triple-expansion steam engine]]s with cylinders of 24.5 feet × 37 inches × 70 inches bore and 48-inch stroke supplied with steam from three single-ended Scotch-type coal-fired boilers placed forward of the engine for a design speed of 11 knots.<ref name=PMRNov41>{{cite journal |year=1941 |title=Mud Flats to Deliveries in Ten Months |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1941 issues |issue=November 1941 |pages=28–31 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n873/mode/1up |access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> This plant is described as being a modern version of one known when they first went to sea to marine engineers age forty-five or older and was chosen for the emergency ships by both the British Purchasing Commission and the [[United States Maritime Commission]] in part due to availability of repair in almost any port and so as to not compete with the surge in orders for the more modern geared turbine systems in demand for Naval and other construction.<ref name=PMRNov41 /> Electrical power was to be provided by single-cylinder, vertical steam engines powering two 25&nbsp;kW generators.<ref name=PMRNov41 />

Emergency shipbuilding programs in Canada and the United States required over 700 standardized triple-expansion steam engines to be built in seventeen plants by a number of companies.<ref name=PMRJan2>{{cite journal |year=1942 |title=Standardization of the Marine Triple-Expansion Steam Engine |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1942 issues |issue=January 1942 |pages=76–79 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3942paci#page/n36/mode/1up |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> A design of the North Eastern Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., of [[Wallsend-on-Tyne]], England was modified and standardized for mass North American production by the General Machinery Corporation with the British Purchasing Commission placing an order for sixty of the engines to power the Ocean ships with General Machinery Corporation which went in production as its standardized design and patterns were being sent to other builders.<ref name=PMRJan2 /> General Machinery delivered its first engine to Todd California Shipbuilding Corporation for installation in ''Ocean Vanguard''.<ref name=PMRJan2 />

All the ships had "Ocean" names, but at the time of construction were sometimes referred to as British Victory ships as in the ''[[Berkeley Daily Gazette]]'' announcement on May 20, 1942 that "the Richmond Shipyards today are delivering a finished British victory ship—the Ocean Vengeance" or the ''[[Pacific Marine Review]]'' article in its January 1943 issue noting "there had been one delivery of a Liberty ship from a Pacific Coast shipyard and there were three shipyards building Libertys and one building Victory ships for Britain" in which there is a clear distinction between the United States' "Liberty" construction and British "Victory" construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1970&dat=19420520&id=AywiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=i6YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1360,1485146 |title=Launch 3 Ships in Bay |date=May 20, 1942 |newspaper=Berkeley Daily Gazette |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1943 |title=Todd-California Shipbuilding Corp. |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1943 issues |issue=January 1943 |page=80 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev4043paci#page/n25/mode/1up |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> One of the early "classifications" of the ship type had been as a "Liberty V" design, a term not apparently later used in a professional journal's references.<ref name=PMRNov41 /><ref group=note>Throughout the construction program occasional references can be found mentioning the British victory or Victory ships along with the "victory fleet" that includes all the emergency construction such as the U.S. Liberty type. It appears it was a generic term or sometimes specific to the sixty British ships until the program producing the specific type we know as the [[Victory ship]] began to monopolize the term in early 1943.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}</ref>

==History==

===Todd-California Shipbuilding===
Thirty of the Oceans were built at Richmond, California's Yard #1 by [[Permanente Metals Corporation|Todd-California Shipbuilding]], intended specifically to build "Ocean" ships for the British.<ref name=ColtonKP>{{cite web |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/kperm1.htm |title=Kaiser Permanente No. 1, Richmond CA |last=Colton |first=Tim |date=October 13, 2010 |work=ShipbuildingHistory |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113171112/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/kperm1.htm |archive-date=13 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All Oceans with name beginning with the letter "V" were built by means of electric welding at Richmond, California.<ref name=OceanV/>

The first Ocean type vessel launched was ''Ocean Vanguard'' on 16 August 1941.<ref name=PMRJan>{{cite journal |year=1942 |title=Todd-California Shipbuilding Corp. |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1942 issues |issue=January 1942 |page=120 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3942paci#page/n79/mode/1up |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The launch, about two months earlier than scheduled, was a significant event with the ship's bows decorated with flags of the two nations during which [[Emory S. Land|Rear Admiral Emory S. Land]], Chairman of the Maritime Commission, delivering an address and his wife sponsoring the ship and [[Arthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter|Sir Arthur Salter]] representing the British purchaser and Henry J. Kaiser representing the builder.<ref name=PMRSep41>{{cite journal |year=1941 |title=A Vanguard is Launched |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1941 issues |issue=September 1941 |page=51 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3841paci#page/n666/mode/1up |access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>

===Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding construction===
Thirty of the ships were built at [[Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding]], [[South Portland, Maine]], an emergency yard built by Todd, Bath Iron Works and [[Kaiser Shipyards|Kaiser shipbuilding]] specifically to construct the "Ocean" ships for Britain, as yard hull numbers 1–30.<ref name=ColtonNESB>{{cite web |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/newengland.htm |title=New England Shipbuilding, South Portland ME |last=Colton |first=Tim |date=October 16, 2010 |work=ShipbuildingHistory |access-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812215044/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/newengland.htm |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first vessel from this yard was ''Ocean Liberty'' launched 20 December 1941.<ref name=ColtonNESB />

[[File:Liberty ship Portland.jpg|thumb|right|Mass launching of five Ocean ships on August 16, 1942]]
On Sunday, 16 August 1942, five of the Ocean ships were launched on one day as the Liberty ship {{SS|Ethan Allen}} was launched at Todd's adjacent [[South Portland Shipbuilding Corporation]] and the destroyers {{USS|Conway|DD-507|6}} and {{USS|Cony|DD-508|6}} were launched at nearby [[Bath Iron Works|Bath Iron Works Corporation]] for the largest mass launch at that time in the war shipbuilding program and largest in Maine's history.<ref name=PMRSep>{{cite journal |year=1942 |title=Todd Yards Launch 8 In One Day |journal=Pacific Marine Review |volume=Consolidated 1942 issues |issue=September 1942 |page=92 |publisher=Pacific American Steamship Association/Shipowners' Association of the Pacific Coast |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3942paci#page/n685/mode/1up |access-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> The five Ocean ships launched that day were hulls 19–24: ''Ocean Wayfarer'', ''Ocean Stranger'', ''Ocean Traveller'', ''Ocean Seaman'', and ''Ocean Gallant'', with sponsors being wives of U.S. Senators, a Todd executive and directors of the British Ministry of Shipping.<ref name=PMRSep /> The ships, launched by flooding the construction basins and towing them to the fitting out docks, were all launched within fifteen minutes.<ref name=PMRSep /> The last three of the thirty ships from the Todd yard, ''Ocean Crusader'',
''Ocean Gypsy'', and ''Ocean Glory'', were launched 18 October 1942, whereupon the basins were to be used to build additional Liberty hulls with four already under construction.<ref name=PMRNov />

Five Ocean ships were transferred to foreign governments during the war.<ref name=Ocean/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Ship
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| {{SS|Ocean Veteran||2}}
|-
| {{Flag|Netherlands}}
| {{SS|Ocean Athlete||2}}<br>{{SS|Ocean Merchant||2}}<br>{{SS|Ocean Victory||2}}
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| {{SS|Ocean Hope||2}}
|}

==Lost to enemy action==
Eighteen ships were lost to enemy action during the war, although two were later salvaged and returned to service.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="150" | Ship
! Details
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Courage||2}}
| [[Torpedo]]ed on 15 January 1943 and sunk by {{GS|U-182||2}} about 200 miles south of the [[Cape Verde Islands]]. {{coord|10|52|N|23|28|W|type:event|name=Ocean Courage}}.<ref name=OceanA>{{cite web |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/Ocean1.html |title=Ocean A–T |work=Mariners |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Crusader||2}}
| Torpedoed on 26 November 1942 and sunk by {{GS|U-262||2}} about 330 miles northeast of St. John’s, Newfoundland {{coord|50|30|N|45|30|W|type:event|name=Ocean Crusader}} with the loss of all hands.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Freedom||2}}
| Bombed on 13 March 1943 by the [[Luftwaffe]] and sunk at [[Murmansk]]. Refloated on 1 June 1943 and beached in the [[Kola Inlet]] where she was scrapped.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Honour||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-29|''I-29'']] on 16 September 1942 at {{coord|12|48|N|50|50|E|type:event|name=Ocean Honour}}<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Justice||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-505||2}} on 6 November 1942 east of [[Trinidad]] at {{coord|10|06|N|60|00|W|type:event|name=Ocean Justice}}.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Hunter||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by Luftwaffe aircraft on 10 January 1944 at {{coord|36|07|N|00|11|W|type:event|name=Ocean Hunter}}.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Might||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-109|1940|2}} on 2 September 1942 at {{coord|00|57|N|04|11|W|type:event|name=Ocean Might}}.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Peace||2}}
| Bombed and sunk by aircraft on 12 July 1943 off Sicily at {{coord|36|55|N|15|13|E|type:event|name=Ocean Peace}}.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Seaman||2}}
| Torpedoed while in convoy from North Africa to Gibraltar on 15 March 1943 by {{GS|U-380||2}} at {{coord|36|55|N|01|59|E|type:event|name=Ocean Seaman}}. Towed by [[USS Paul Jones (DD-230)|USS ''Paul Jones'']] and beached at [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]] but declared a total loss.<ref name=OceanA/><ref>[https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2778.html Ocean Seaman British Steam merchant]</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Vagabond||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-186||2}} at {{coord|57|17|N|20|11|W|type:event|name=Ocean Vagabond}} on 10 January 1943.<ref name=OceanV>{{cite web |url=http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/Ocean2.html |title=Ocean V–W |work=Mariners |access-date=16 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Vanguard||2}}
| Torpedoed on 17 September 1942 and sunk by {{GS|U-515||2}} at {{coord|10|43|N|60|11|W|type:event|name=Ocean Vanguard}}.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Venture||2}}
| Torpedoed on 8 February 1942 and sunk by {{GS|U-108|1940|2}} at {{coord|37|05|N|74|46|W|type:event|name=Ocean Venture}}.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Venus||2}}
| Torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-564||2}} on 3 May 1942 at {{coord|28|23|N|80|21|W|type:event|name=Ocean Venus}}.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Viking||2}}
| Struck a [[naval mine|mine]] on 11 October 1943 at {{coord|40|19|N|16|59|E|type:event|name=Ocean Viking}} and badly damaged. Scuttled as a breakwater at [[Bari]], Italy in January 1944. Salvaged in 1947, repaired and returned to service.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Vintage||2}}
| Torpedoed by Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-27|''I-27'']] on 22 October 1943 sinking at {{coord|21|37|N|60|06|E|type:event|name=Ocean Vintage}}.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Virtue||2}}
| Bombed by the [[Luftwaffe]] off [[Augusta, Sicily]], 21 July 1943, caught fire and sank. Salvaged later that year and later rebuilt as a [[cargo liner]].<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Voice||2}}
| Torpedoed on 22 September 1942 and sunk by {{GS|U-435}} at {{coord|71|23|N|11|01|W|type:event|name=Ocean Voice}}.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Voyager||2}}
| Bombed by the Luftwaffe on 19 March 1943 off [[Tripoli, Libya]]. This ship was sunk in the first mass attack by the Luftwaffe using [[Motobomba]] circular torpedoes. 72 of the circling torpedoes were dropped by parachute at medium altitude from [[Junkers Ju 88]]s into [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] Harbor. Captain Duncan MacKellar was killed outright when one of the circling torpedoes struck the docked ship, along with six others, and 12 were seriously injured prior to the massive explosion the next day which sank her. Several awards for bravery resulted from the heroic actions of crew following the initial attack and fire.<ref name=OceanV/>
|}

Eight ships were lost in accidents postwar.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Postwar losses
|-
! width="150" | Ship
! Details
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Liberty||2}}
| On 14 May 1966, the Greek cargo ship, ''Newgrove'', ran aground at [[Puerto Padre]], [[Cuba]]. The wreck was abandoned to the [[Cuban Government]].<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Pride||2}}
| In 1966, ''Susana K L'' suffered a fire in her boiler room, and was subsequently scrapped.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Traveller||2}}
| In 1959, ''Cape Corso'' was involved in a collision and grounding. She was subsequently scrapped.<ref name=OceanA/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Verity||2}}
| On 5 November 1961, ''Clan Keith'' sank after hitting rocks off [[Cap Bon]], [[Tunisia]].<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Viceroy||2}}
| On 13 November 1966, cargo on board ''Omonia II'' caught fire when the ship was berthed at [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The ship was subsequently scrapped.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Vigil||2}}
| On 3 December 1963, ''Roumeli'' was grounded after leaving [[drydock]] at [[Gijón]], [[Spain]]. She was subsequently beached and scrapped.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Wanderer||2}}
| On 2 November 1962, ''Santa Irene'' was wrecked on the Los Cabezos Shoal, off [[Tarifa]], Spain.<ref name=OceanV/>
|-
| {{SS|Ocean Wayfarer||2}}
| In 1953, ''Clan Macquarrie'' grounded off [[Troon]], [[Scotland]] in a storm and was subsequently scrapped.<ref name=OceanV/>
|}

The Oceans served until the mid-1980s, with {{SS|Ocean Athlete||2}} being scrapped in 1985. {{SS|Ocean Merchant||2}} was on [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] shipping registers as ''Zhan Dou 26'' until 1992.<ref name=OceanA/>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

*[https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/class/?class=Ocean+%28British+Liberty%29 Ocean (British Liberty) class merchant ships] u-boat.net
{{Ocean ships}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140113171112/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/kperm1.htm Kaiser Permanente No. 1, Richmond CA] (Shipbuilding History construction listing)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812215044/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/4emergencylarge/wwtwo/newengland.htm New England Shipbuilding, South Portland ME] (Shipbuilding History construction listing)

[[Category:Ministry of War Transport ships]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built in Richmond, California]]
[[Category:Ships built in Bath, Maine]]