Old Bering Sea
Old Bering Sea is an archaeological culture associated with a distinctive, elaborate circle and dot aesthetic style and is centered on the Bering Strait region; no site is more than 1 km from the ocean. Old Bering Sea is considered, following Henry B. Collins, the initial phase of the Northern Maritime tradition.[1] Despite its name, several OBS sites lie on the Chukchi Sea. The temporal range of the culture is from 400 BCE to possibly as late as AD 1300.[2]
Discovery
The culture was initially named the "Bering Sea" culture by Canadian archaeologist Diamond Jenness in 1928[3] following the discovery on the Diomede Islands of distinctively decorated objects such as whaling and sealing harpoon heads. The adjective "Old" was added by Smithsonian archaeologist Henry B. Collins to distinguish the culture from younger materials with similar design elements. Subsequent discoveries from 1925 to 1940 occurred within archaeological excavations mostly on St. Lawrence Island,[4] and is renowned for its winged objects, employed as counterweights on atlalt, or throwing boards.[5]
The artifacts
The richly decorated objects are nearly exclusively on walrus tusk, some with distinctive color and antiquity; the decorations were applied to a very wide range of objects, many of which are recovered only in graves, some of which contain dozens of objects.[6] Old Bering Sea pieces are prized by art collectors in New York and Paris and the commoditization of the objects has fueled considerable looting of archaeological sites and spawned a quasi-legal trade (at least in the United States) termed subsistence digging.
Geographic extent
The geographic extent of objects associated with the Old Bering Sea culture is skewed toward Chukotka, with the highest number of graves, over 500, near Cape Dezhneva at the two sites of Uelen and Ekven, north and south of the cape, respectively. OBS is known from Cape Navarin to Kolchinaya Guba. OBS sites are common on all the coasts of St. Lawrence Island, and the Diomedes; however, only isolated finds are known from the mainland of North America, at Barrow, Point Hope, Cape Espenberg and Golovnin Bay, within eastern Norton Sound.
Phases of development
Several phases of the linear and circle and dot Old Bering Sea style was formally defined by Henry Collins in 1937 on the basis of his extensive excavations at the mound sites of Mayughaaq in the vicinity of Gambell, Alaska, at the northwestern cape of St. Lawrence Island. Collins' research focused on large midden and domestic architecture with few graves located; a large cemetery was subsequently located nearby by Hans Georg Bandi in the 1960s. An important subdivisions of Old Bering Sea is its earliest, more spare designs termed Okvik, for several mounds on an island off the east coast of St. Lawrence Island, excavated by Otto Geist.[7] A small Okvik site, the Hillside locality, lies above the Mayughaaq mound and contains five stone slab houses reasonably well dated to AD 200 to 400.
Excavation sites
The sites containing Old Bering Sea objects are typically large mounds and middens or cemeteries with hundreds of graves, often framed by bowhead whale mandibles and floored with wooden planks, hewn out of driftwood.[8] Very few graves contain the elaborate grave offerings; sufficiently few for some archaeologists to infer the existence of hierarchical groups, including powerful whaling captains and/or shamans, some of whom were women.
Origins
The origins of Old Bering Sea remains poorly known, although its chronology can be tentatively established from several localities across Bering Strait. The earliest materials termed OBS are dated before 400 BCE from mortuary remains at Ekven. The peak of the culture was between AD 200 and 600, although no firm chronology is yet well-accepted by researchers. The fate of OBS is problematic, the subsequent Punuk culture is considered its artistic heir but the culture's relationship with other archaeological traditions is uncertain; among those are the Birnirk and Thule cultures.
References
- ^ Henry Collins (1964). "The arctic and the subarctic". In Jennings, Jesse (ed.). Prehistoric Man in the New World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 85–116. LCCN 63-18852.
- ^ Robert Ackerman (1984). "Prehistory of the Asian Eskimo zone". In Damas, D. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 5, the Arctic. Washington, D.C,: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 106–118.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Jenness, Diamond (1928). "Archaeological investigations in Bering Strait". National Museum of Canada. Bulletin 50.
- ^ Collins, Henry (1937). "Archaeology of St. Lawrence Island". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 96 (1): 1–424.
- ^ Bronshtein, Michael (2002). "Structural and artistic features of 'winged objects': The discussion continues". University of Oregon Anthropological Papers. 59: 127–138.
- ^ Fitzhugh, William, ed. (2009). Gifts from the Ancestors. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Geist, Otto; Rainey, Froelich (1936). Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.
- ^ Arutiunov, Sergei; Sergeev, Dorian (2006). Ancient cultures of the Asiatic Eskimos (Uelen cemetery) [Translation of Drevnie kul’tury aziatskikh eskimosov (Uelenskii mogil’nik)]. Anchorage: National Park Service.