Omayra Sánchez
Omayra Sánchez | |
|---|---|
 Frank Fournier's photograph of Omayra Sánchez | |
| Born | Omayra Sánchez Garzón August 29, 1972 |
| Died | November 16, 1985 (aged 13) |
| Cause of death | Killed by the volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz |
| Nationality | Colombian |
| Parent(s) | Alvaro Enrique Sánchez Maria Aleida Garzón |
Omayra Sánchez Garzón (August 28, 1972 – November 16, 1985) was a 13 year old Colombian girl killed in Armero, Tolima, by the 1985 eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. Volcanic debris mixed with ice to form massive lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows) that rushed into the river valleys below the mountain, killing nearly 23,000 people and destroying Armero and 13 other villages.
After a lahar demolished her home, Sánchez was pinned beneath the debris of her house, where she remained trapped in water for three days. Her plight was documented as she descended from calmness into agony. Her courage and dignity touched journalists and relief workers, who put great efforts into comforting her. After 60 hours of struggling, she died, likely as a result of either gangrene or hypothermia. Her death highlighted the failure of officials to respond correctly to the threat of the volcano, contrasted with the efforts of volunteer rescue workers to reach and treat trapped victims, despite inadequate supplies and equipment.
A photograph of Sánchez taken by the photojournalist Frank Fournier shortly before she died was published in news outlets around the world. It was later designated the World Press Photo of the Year for 1986. Sánchez has remained a lasting figure in popular culture, remembered through music, literature, and commemorative articles.
Background
On November 13, 1985, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupted. At 9:09 pm of that night, pyroclastic flows exploding from the crater melted the mountain's icecap, forming lahars (volcanic mudflows and debris flows) which cascaded into river valleys below. One lahar, consisting of three pulses, did most of the damage. Traveling at 6 meters (20 ft) per second, the first pulse enveloped most of the town of Armero, killing up to 20,000 people; the two later pulses weakened buildings. Another lahar killed 1,800 people in nearby Chinchiná.[1] In total 23,000 people were killed and 13 villages in addition to Armero were destroyed.[2]
Loss of life was exacerbated by the authorities' failure to take costly preventive measures in the absence of clear signs of imminent danger.[3] There had been no substantial eruption of the volcano since 1845, which contributed to complacency; locals called the volcano the "Sleeping Lion".[4]
In September 1985, as earthquakes and phreatic eruptions rocked the area around the volcano, officials began planning for evacuation. A hazard map was prepared in October;[nb 1] it highlighted the danger from falling ash and rock near Murillo, Santa Isabel, and Líbano, as well as the threat of lahars in Mariquita, Guayabal, Chinchiná, and Armero.[6] The map was poorly distributed to those at highest risk: many survivors had never heard of it, though several major newspapers had featured it.[5] Henry Villegas of the Colombian Institute of Mining and Geology stated that the maps clearly demonstrated Armero would be affected by the lahars, but had "met with strong opposition from economic interests."[7] He said that the short time between the map's preparation and the eruption hindered timely distribution.[7]
The Colombian Congress criticised scientific and civil defense agencies for scaremongering, and the government and army were preoccupied with the guerrilla campaign in Bogotá, the national capital, which was then at its height.[8]
The death toll was increased by the lack of early warnings,[3] unwise land use, as villages were built in the likely path of lahars,[9] and the lack of preparedness in communities near the volcano.[3] Colombia's worst natural disaster,[10] the Armero tragedy (as it came to be known) was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century (surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée).[11] It was the fourth-deadliest eruption recorded since 1500 AD.[12] Its lahars were the deadliest in volcanic history.[13]
Life
Omayra Sánchez lived in the neighborhood of Santander[14] with her parents Álvaro Enrique, a rice and sorghum collector, and María Aleida, along with her brother Álvaro Enrique[15] and aunt María Adela Garzón.[14][16] Prior to the eruption, her mother had traveled to Bogotá on business.[17] The night of the disaster, Omayra and her family were awake, worrying about the ashfall from the eruption, when they heard the sound of an approaching lahar.[14] After it hit, Omayra became trapped under her home's concrete and other debris and could not free herself. When rescue teams tried to help her, they realized that her legs were trapped under her house's roof.[15][17] Sources differ as to the degree to which Sánchez was trapped. Zeiderman (2009) said she was "trapped up to her neck",[18] while Barragán (1987) said that she was trapped up to her waist.[14]
For the first few hours after the mudflow hit, she was covered by concrete but got her hand through a crack in the debris. After a rescuer noticed her hand protruding from a pile of debris, he and others cleared tiles and wood over the course of a day. Once the girl was freed from the waist up, her rescuers attempted to pull her out, but found the task impossible without breaking her legs in the process. Each time a person pulled her, the water pooled around her, rising so that it seemed she would drown if they let her go, so rescue workers placed a tire around her body to keep her afloat. Divers discovered that Sánchez's legs were caught under a door made of bricks, with her aunt's arms clutched tightly around her legs and feet.[14]
Death
Colombia and half of the world remained with the bitter sensation that Omayra Sánchez could have been able to continue living after remaining for almost 60 hours trapped from head to toe amidst the rubble of Armero. Her face, her words, and her courage, which streamed throughout the world on television and were a heartbreaking image in the largest newspapers and magazines of the United States and Europe, remained a testimony of accusation against those who could have at the very least made the tragedy less serious.
Germán Santa María Barragán in El Tiempo, November 23, 1985[19]
Despite her predicament, Sánchez remained relatively positive: she sang to Germán Santa María Barragán, a journalist who was working as a volunteer,[17] asked for sweet food, drank soda,[14] and agreed to be interviewed. At times, she was scared, and prayed or cried.[20] On the third night, Sánchez began hallucinating, saying that she did not want to be late for school,[21] and mentioned a maths exam.[17] Near the end of her life, Sánchez's eyes reddened, her face swelled, and her hands whitened. At one point she asked the people to leave her so they could rest. Hours later the workers returned with a pump and tried to save her, but her legs were bent under the concrete as if she was kneeling, and it was impossible to free her without severing her legs. Lacking the surgical equipment to save her from the effects of an amputation, the doctors present agreed that it would be more humane to let her die.[14] In all, Sánchez suffered for nearly three nights (roughly 60 hours) before she died at approximately 10:05 A.M.[14] on November 16 from exposure,[21] most likely from gangrene or hypothermia.[20]
Her brother survived the lahars; her father and aunt died. Her mother expressed her feelings about Omayra's death: "It is horrible, but we have to think about the living ... I will live for my son, who only lost a finger."[15][16]
As the public became aware of Sánchez's situation through the media, her death became a symbol of the failure of officials to properly assist victims who could have been saved.[19] Controversy broke out after descriptions of the shortages were released in newspapers, disproving what officials had previously indicated: that they had used the best of their supplies. Volunteer relief workers said that there was such a lack of resources that supplies as basic as shovels, cutting tools, and stretchers ran out. The rescue process was impeded by large crowds and disorganization. An unnamed police officer said that the government should have depended on human resources to alleviate the problems and that the system of rescue was disorganized.[22] Colombia's Minister of Defense, Miguel Uribe, said he "understood criticism of the rescue effort",[22] but said that Colombia was "an undeveloped country" that did not "have that kind of equipment."[22]
Photograph
Frank Fournier, a French reporter who landed in Bogotá on November 15, took a photograph of Sánchez in her final days, titled "The Agony of Omayra Sánchez".[23] When he reached Armero at dawn on the 16th, a farmer directed him to Sánchez, who by then had been trapped for nearly three days and was near-deserted. Fournier later described the town as "very haunting," with "eerie silence" punctuated by screaming.[21] He said that he took the photograph feeling that he could only "report properly on the courage and the suffering and the dignity of the little girl" in his attempt to publicize the disaster's need for relief efforts,[21] feeling otherwise "powerless".[24]
At the time, there was international awareness of the disaster. Sánchez was one of the victims at the center of the associated controversy over responsibility for the destructive aftermath. The image captured international attention. According to an unnamed BBC reporter, "Many were appalled at witnessing so intimately what transpired to be the last few hours of Omayra's life."[21] After the photo was published in Paris Match, many accused Fournier of being "a vulture." He responded,
"I felt the story was important for me to report and I was happier that there was some reaction; it would have been worse if people had not cared about it. ... I believe the photo helped raise money from around the world in aid and helped highlight the irresponsibility and lack of courage of the country's leaders." [21]
The picture later won the World Press Photo of the Year for 1986.[25]
Legacy
The Armero catastrophe came shortly after the M-19 guerrilla group's raid and subsequent Palace of Justice siege on November 6, worsening an already chaotic situation. After Sánchez's death, blame for it and for the Armero tragedy fell on the Colombian government for its inaction and general indifference to warning signs prior to the volcano's eruption.[26]
The Nevado del Ruiz volcano is still active, according to the Volcano Watch Center in Colombia. Melting only 10 percent of the ice would produce mudflows with a volume of up to 200,000,000 cubic meters (7.06×109 cu ft)—similar to the mudflow that destroyed Armero in 1985.[13] Such lahars can travel up to 100 kilometers (62 mi) along river valleys in a few hours.[13] Estimates show that up to 500,000 people living in the Combeima, Chinchiná, Coello-Toche, and Guali valleys are at risk, and 100,000 of these are considered to be at high risk.[27] The city of Armero no longer exists. The site was commemorated as a memorial with Christian crosses and a small monument to Sánchez.[28]
In the years following the eruption, Sánchez has been repeatedly commemorated, especially in newspapers like El Tiempo.[29] Many victims of the disaster were commemorated, but Sánchez in particular has attracted lasting attention in popular poetry, novels, and music.[30]
For example, a punk rock band formed in Chile in 2008 named themselves Omayra Sánchez; they express their "discontent that they feel with the negligence on the part of the people who in this day and age run the world".[19] Adiós, Omayra: La catástrofe de Armero (1988), written by Eduardo Santa as a response to the eruption, depicts the girl's last days of life in detail and cites her in its introduction as an eternal symbol of the catastrophe.[19] In No Morirás (1994), Germán Santa María Barragán writes that of all the horrors he saw at Armero, nothing was more painful than seeing the face of Omayra Sánchez under the ruins of her house.[17] Isabel Allende's short story, "And of Clay Are We Created" ("De barro estamos hechos"), is told from the perspective of a reporter who tries to help a girl trapped under the fireplace of her ruined home. Allende later wrote, "Her [Sánchez's] big black eyes, filled with resignation and wisdom, still pursue me in my dreams. Writing the story failed to exorcise her ghost."[31]
To try to prevent repetition of such a disaster, the government of Colombia created the Oficina Nacional para la Atención de Desastres (National Office for Disaster Preparedness), now known as the Dirección de Prevención y Atención de Desastres (Directorate for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness).[32] All Colombian cities were directed to plan for natural disasters.[9]
Notes
- ^ This was the first hazard map ever prepared for a Colombian volcano.[5]
References
- ^ Martí & Ernst 2005, p. 291
- ^ "Rescuers in Colombia refuse to give up hunt for survivors". Milwaukee Journal. November 18, 1985.
- ^ a b c Fielding, Emma. "Volcano Hell Transcript". BBC Television. BBC. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ "BBC:On this day: November 13: 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia". BBC News Online. BBC. November 13, 1985. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Villegas 2003, p. 5
- ^ Gueri, Miguel (October 2004). "Eruption of El Ruiz Volcano, Colombia" (PDF). National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Villegas 2003, p. 6
- ^ Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (November 29, 2009). "Lessons Learned from the Armero, Colombia Tragedy". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ a b Touret, Jean-Claude; Laforge, Christophe (1994). "Hazard Appraisal and Hazard-Zone Mapping of Flooding and Debris Flowage in the Rio Combeima Valley and Ibague City, Tolima Department, Colombia". GeoJournal. 34 (4): 407–413. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ Staff (November 14, 1995). "World News Briefs". CNN. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ Staff. "Nevado del Ruiz – Facts and Figures". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Topinka, Lyn. "Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D." United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
- ^ a b c Huggel, Cristian; Ceballos, Jorge Luis; Pulgarín, Bernardo; Ramírez, Jair; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2007). "Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano–glacier interactions in Colombia" (pdf). Annals of Glaciology. 45: 128–136. Bibcode:2007AnGla..45..128H. doi:10.3189/172756407782282408. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barragán 1987
- ^ a b c "Trapped Girl, 13, Dies". The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr. November 17, 1985.
- ^ a b "Ordeal Ends in Death". Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. November 18, 1985. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Barragán 1994, p. 7
- ^ Zeiderman 2009, p. 10
- ^ a b c d Zeiderman 2009, p. 13
- ^ a b Lacey, Dana (August 31, 2010). "Why We Don't Cover Pakistan". Canadian Journalism Project. Canadian Journalism Foundation.
- ^ a b c d e f "Picture power: Tragedy of Omayra Sanchez". BBC News Online. BBC. September 30, 2005. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Colombian officials defend rescue effort; lack of equipment blamed". Star-News. Bob Gruber. November 24, 1985. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
- ^ "Ottawa Man Third". Ottawa Citizen. James Orban. February 7, 1986. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ Zeiderman 2009, p. 14
- ^ "World Photo Award". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. The New York Times Company. February 7, 1986. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
- ^ Camp, Vic (March 31, 2006). "Nevado del Ruiz (1985)". San Diego State University. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Thouret, Jean-Claude; Murcia, A; Salinas, R.; Parra, E.; Cepeda, H.; Cantagrel, J-M. (1990). Stratigraphy and quaternary eruptive history of the Ruiz-Tolima volcanic massif, Colombia. Implications for assessement of volcanic hazards (PDF). Symposium international géodynamique andine: résumés des communications. Paris. pp. 391–393.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ Johnson, Tim (September 18, 1997). "Survivors of avalanche relive tragedy through TV movie". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Journal Communications.
- ^ Zeiderman 2009, pp. 12–13
- ^ Zeiderman 2009, p. 12
- ^ Correas de Zapata & Sayers Peden 2002, p. 76
- ^ "Dirección de Prevención y Atención de Desastres — DPAD" (in Spanish). Departamento Nacional de Planeación, República de Colombia. June 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
Sources
- Barragán, Germán Santa María (1987). Colombia y Otras Sangres (in Spanish). University of Texas. ISBN 978-958-614-248-9. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Barragán, Germán Santa María (1994). No Morirás. Andres Bollo. ISBN 978-958-06-0084-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Correas de Zapata, Celia; Sayers Peden, Margaret (2002). Isabel Allende: Life and Spirits. Arte Publico Press. ISBN 978-1-55885-363-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Martí, Joan; Ernst, Gerald (2005). Volcanoes and the Environment. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59725-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Villegas, Henry (September 2003). "Display of the Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Hazard Map Using GIS" (PDF). Geocarto International. 18 (3). Geocarto International Centre: 5–13. doi:10.1080/10106040308542276. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Zeiderman, Austin (June 11, 2009). "Life at Risk: Biopolitics, Citizenship, and Security in Colombia" (PDF). 2009 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)