Operation Northern Watch
Operation Northern Watch | |||||||
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Part of Iraqi no-fly zones conflict | |||||||
![]() Three RAF Jaguars on a Northern Watch mission in 2002 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
Various Iraqi air defense forces | Around 50 aircraft and 1,400 personnel at any one time[3] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown, many air defense systems destroyed | None |
Operation Northern Watch, the successor to Operation Provide Comfort, was a U.S. European Command Combined Task Force (CTF) charged with enforcing its own no-fly zone above the 36th parallel in Iraq. Its mission began on 1 January 1997.
The coalition partners of the United States, United Kingdom, and Turkey provided approximately 45 aircraft[4] and more than 1,400 personnel to support Operation Northern Watch. The joint U.S. forces of some 1,100 U.S. personnel, included sailors, soldiers, as well as sorties from every arm of the United States Armed Forces.
The original mandate from the Turkish government allowed the operation to continue for six months. Turkey subsequently approved two 6-month extensions, but indicated that it would not become a permanent mission.
For the first year of the mission, northern Iraq was quiet, with no combat between Coalition aircraft and Iraqi forces.
Operation Northern Watch forces did not take part in Operation Desert Fox in December 1998. After Operation Desert Fox, Iraq announced they would no longer recognize the no-fly zones and urged their troops to attack Coalition aircraft. From December 1998 to March 1999, U.S. aircraft over northern Iraq came under almost daily fire from Iraqi surface-to-air missile sites and anti-aircraft guns. U.S. aircraft responded by bombing Iraqi air-defense sites which fired on them, utilizing laser-guided bombs as well as AGM-88 HARM missiles and AGM-130 long range air-to-surface missiles.[5]
Coalition aircraft flew patrols on an average of 18 days per month, and were usually fired upon. The most common threat was from anti-aircraft guns. Despite Saddam Hussein offering a $14,000 reward for downing a Coalition aircraft, no warplanes were shot down.[6]
During the first months of 1999, Coalition activity over northern Iraq was temporarily halted as aircraft were moved to Italy to take part in Operation Allied Force.[7]
Low level conflict continued up until the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, although the number of response incidents declined dramatically after 1999. The final combat air patrol occurred on 17 March 2003 (from the Incirlik Air Base). Six weeks later, the Operation concluded with an official stand down on 1 May 2003.
A grand total of 36,000 sorties were flown during Operation Northern Watch, and 40,000 personnel had been deployed at some point during the operation.[6]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed060401a.html
- ^ Defense.gov News Article: Patrolling Iraq's Northern Skies
- ^ Operation Northern Watch | Globalsecurity.org
- ^ http://www.1stfighter.org/F15s/images_f15s/onw.jpg
- ^ Operation Northern Watch
- ^ a b Operation Northern Watch
- ^ Viper Weasels in Action NATO pilots faced a formidable integrated Air Defence System
External links
- Global Security brief on Operation Northern Watch
- Operation Northern Watch Photo Album with captions
- U.S. Navy article on stand down
- Stars & Stripes article
- Use dmy dates from May 2011
- 1997 in Iraq
- 1998 in Iraq
- 1999 in Iraq
- 2000 in Iraq
- 2001 in Iraq
- 2002 in Iraq
- 2003 in Iraq
- Conflicts in 1998
- Conflicts in 1999
- Conflicts in 2000
- Conflicts in 2001
- Conflicts in 2002
- Conflicts in 2003
- 20th century in Iraq
- Modern history of Iraq
- Iraq–Turkey relations
- Military operations involving the United Kingdom
- Military operations involving the United States
- Aerial bombing operations and battles
- No-fly zone operations
- Iraq–United States relations
- Iraq–United Kingdom relations