Ordu-Baliq
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 The west gate as seen from the citadel | |
  Location of Ordu Baliq in Mongolia | |
| Location | Mongolia |
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Ordu-Baliq[dn 1] (meaning "city of the court", "city of the army"), also known as Mubalik and Karabalghasun, was the capital of the first Uyghur Khaganate, built on the site of the former Göktürk imperial capital, 27 km north-to-northeast of the later Mongol capital, Karakorum. Its ruins are known as Kharbalgas in Mongolian, that is, "black city". They form part of the World Heritage Site Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.
Location
Ordu-Baliq is situated in a grassy plain called the Talal-khain-dala steppe, on the western bank of the Orkhon River in the Khotont sum of the Arkhangai Province, Mongolia, 16 km northeast of the Khotont village, or 30 km north-to-northwest of Kharkhorin. The Orkhon emerges from the gorges of the Khangai Mountains and flows northward to meet the Tuul River (on whose upper reaches the current capital of Mongolia, Ulan Bator, is located). A favorable micro-climate makes the location ideal for pasturage, and it lies along the most important east-west route across Mongolia. As a result, the Orkhon Valley was a center of habitation and important political and economic activity long prior to the birth of Genghis Khan who made it known to the wider world.
History
In 744, after the defeat of the last Göktürk Kaghan by the Uigur-Qarluk-Basmyl alliance, the Uyghurs under Bayanchur Khan (Bayan Çor) established their imperial capital Ordu Baliq on the site of the old ördü ("nomadic capital"). Ordu-Baliq flourished until 840, when it was reduced to ruin by the invading Yenisey Kyrgyzes.
The capital occupied at least 32 square kilometers.[1] The ruins of the palace- or temple complex, which include the 10-meter-high wall, a 12-meter citadel in the southwest corner and a 14-meter-high stupa in the center, clearly indicate that Ordu Baliq was an affluent and large town. The urban area may be divided into three main parts. The central part consisting of numerous buildings surrounded by a continuous wall forms the biggest part. Ruin of a large number of temples and dwelling houses are to be found to the south beyond the center. The Khan's residential palace, which was also ringed by walls on all sides, stood in the northeastern part of the town, where the Russian archaeologist Nikolay Yadrintsev discovered a green granite monument with a statue of a dragon perched at the top and bearing a runic inscription glorifying the khagans.
Ordu Baliq was a fully fortified commandry and commercial entrepot typical of the central points along the length of the Silk Road. The well-preserved remains now consist of concentric fortified walls and lookout towers, stables, military and commercial stores, and administrative buildings. There are also remains of a water drainage system. Archaeologists established that certain areas of the town were allotted for trade and handcrafts, while in the center of the town were palaces and temples, including a monastery. The palace had fortified walls around it and two main gates, north and south, as well as moats filled with water and watchtowers.
Historical accounts
An ambassador from the Samanid Empire, Tamim ibn Bahr, visited Ordu Baliq in 821 CE and left the only written account of the city. He travelled through uninhabited steppes until arriving in the vicinity of the Uighur capital. He described Ordu-Baliq itself as a great town, "rich in agriculture and surrounded by rustaqs (villages) full of cultivation lying close together. The town had twelve iron gates of huge size. The town was populous and thickly crowded and had markets and various trades."[2] He also reported that amongst the townspeople, Manichaeism prevailed.
The most striking detail of his description is the golden yurt or tent on top of the citadel where the khagan held court.[3]
He says that from (a distance of) five farsakhs before he arrived in the town (of the khaqan) he caught sight of a tent belonging to the king, (made) of gold. (It stands) on the flat top (sath) of his castle and can hold (tasa') 100 men.
— Tamim b. Bahr al-Muttawwi'i, translation by Minorsky[3]
The golden tent was considered the heart of the Uyghur power, gold being the symbol of imperial rule.[4] The presence of a golden tent is confirmed in Chinese historical accounts where the Kirghiz khan was said to have vowed to seize the Uyghurs' golden tent.[5]
Discovery
In 1871, the Russian traveller Paderin was the first European to visit the ruins of the Uighur capital, of which only the wall and a tower were in existence, while the streets and ruins outside the wall could be seen at a distance. He was told that the Mongols call it either Kara Balghasun ("black city") or khara-kherem ("black wall"). Paderin's belief that this was the old Mongol capital Karakorum has been shown to be incorrect.
The site was identified as a ruined Uyghur capital by the expedition of Nikolay Yadrintsev in 1889, and the two expeditions of the Helsingfors Ugro-Finnish society (1890), followed by that of the Russian Academy of Sciences, under Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (1891).
See also
- Architecture of Mongolia
- Khara-Khoto
- Por-Bazhyn, a ruined structure on a lake island high in the mountains of southern Tuva, whose lay-out is similar to the palace complex of Karabalgasun
- Uyghur Empire
Footnotes
- ^ also spelled Ordu Balykh, Ordu Balik, Ordu-Balïq, Ordu Balig, Ordu Baligh
References
- ^ Hüttel, Hans-Georg, Ulambayar, Erdenebat (2009). Karabalgasun und Karakorum - Zwei spätnomadische Stadtsiedlungen im Orchon-Tal (in German and Mongolian). Ulaanbaatar. p. 18.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ M. S. Asimov (March 1999). History of Central Asia - The historical,social and economic setting. Vol. Volume 4 part I. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-81-208-1595-7. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ a b Minorsky, V. (1948). "Tamīm ibn Baḥr's Journey to the Uyghurs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 12 (2). Cambridge University Press: 283. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00080228. ISSN 0041-977X. Retrieved 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Mackerras, Colin (1972). The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations. Australian National University Press. pp. 744–840. ISBN 0-7081-0457-6.
- ^ 新唐書 Xin Tangshu Chapter 217 part 2. Original text: 挐鬥二十年不解。阿熱恃勝，乃肆詈曰：「爾運盡矣！我將收爾金帳，於爾帳前馳我馬，植我旗，爾能抗，亟來，即不能，當疾去。」 Translation: The struggle went on for twenty years without resolution. Trusting that he will be victorious, (the Kirghiz khan) A-re thus boldly cursed: "Your fate is sealed! I will seize your golden tent, and in front of your tent my horses will gallop and my banners will be planted. You may resist, then come quickly, but you won't be able to, and you will wither away."
Further reading
- Minorsky, V. (1948). "Tamīm ibn Baḥr's Journey to the Uyghurs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 12 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 275–305. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00080228. ISSN 0041-977X. Retrieved 2006.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History. Brill. p. 366. ISBN 90-04-14129-4.
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External links
- Glazier, James (2005-09-24). "Khar Balgasyn Tuur - Ruins of Uigher Capital (8th Century)". Indiana University. Retrieved 2006.
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