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Orphan Train

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Orphan Train, 1904

The Orphan Train Movement was a supervised welfare program that transported orphaned and homeless children from crowded Eastern cities of the United States to foster homes located largely in rural areas of the Midwest. The orphan trains operated between 1853 and 1929, relocating about 200,000 orphaned, abandoned, or homeless children.

Two charitable institutions, the Children's Aid Society (established by Charles Loring Brace) and later, the New York Foundling Hospital, endeavored to help these children. The two institutions developed a program that placed homeless, orphaned, and abandoned city children, who numbered an estimated 30,000 in New York City alone in the 1850s, in foster homes throughout the country. The children were transported to their new homes on trains that were labeled “orphan trains” or "baby trains". This relocation of children ended in the 1920s with the beginning of organized foster care in America.

Background

Main article: Charles Loring Brace
File:CharlesLoringBrace.jpg
Charles Loring Brace

In the mid 1800s many children in New York City lived in poverty with parents who abused alcohol, engaged in criminal activity, and were otherwise unfit parents. Many of these unwanted kids had been in trouble with the law.[1] Others were orphaned when their parents died in epidemics of typhoid, yellow fever or the flu. According to an essay written by Brace in 1872, one crime and poverty ridden area around Tenth Avenue was referred to as “Misery Row”. Misery Row was considered to be a main breeding ground of crime and poverty, and an inevitable "fever nest” where disease spread easily. Orphans or runaways found themselves drifting into this destitute area, as well as the old sheds of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Streets. Such was the severity of child poverty in 1854 that the number of homeless children in New York City was estimated as high as 34,000. They were often referred to as “street urchins”.

Orphan asylums and almshouses were the only "social services" available for poor and homeless children.[2]Brace did not believe that these were worthwhile institutions because they merely served the purpose of feeding the poor and providing handouts. He felt that such institutions only deepened the dependence of the poor on charity. Brace was also influenced by the writings of Edward Livingstone, a pioneer in prison reform who believed that the best way to deal with crime and poverty was to prevent it. Brace focused on finding jobs and training for poor and destitute children so they could help themselves. His initial efforts in social reform included free kindergartens, free dental clinics, job placement, training programs, reading rooms, and lodging houses for boys.

History

Orphan train flyer

Brace believed that institutional care stunted and destroyed children. In his view, only work, education and a strong family life could help them develop into self-reliant citizens. Brace knew that American pioneers could use help settling the American West, so he arranged to send the orphaned children to pioneer families. "In every American community, especially in a Western one, there are many spare places at the table of life," Brace wrote. "They have enough for themselves and the stranger too."[3] The "placement" of orphans was not entirely original idea as there had been similar efforts tried in Boston as early as the mid 1840s.[4] Many were sent west to find families and new homes, on trains that became known as "orphan trains".

The arrangements for placing orphan children varied. Sometimes they were pre-ordered by couples; at other times a local screening committee tried to make sure the children would be given to good parents; at other times the scene was more random.[1]

The Children's Aid Society (CAS) made arrangements with train companies for the children (in groups ranging in size from three to 35, along with at least two adult agents) to travel in regular passenger coaches,. Brace received special discounts on fares for the orphan children from the railroads. Whole coaches were sometimes filled with children. Prior to departure, they were bathed, given new clothes, a coat, often a Bible, and reminded of good manners.[1] The trains transported children from lodging houses, orphanages, private homes or the street, bringing them to towns where local organizers had created interest in the program. Notices were posted around town and in newspapers, informing locals when the children would arrive and of the viewing location. At towns along the route, the children assembled at the train station or were brought to opera houses, schools, or town halls for the community to meet and interview.

The first "train" went out from The Children's Aid Society on September 20, 1854, with 46 ten-to-twelve-year-old boys and girls bound for Dowagiac, Michigan. In January the society sent out two more parties of homeless children, both to Pennsylvania. It became the responsibility of the placing agent to "keep tabs" on each child they placed in a new home. The agent would make return trips to check on the children's welfare. If the placement was not working out, or the agent thought the child was being abused, he/she would then remove the child from its new home and try to find another family.[4]

While the Boston plan had allowed for children to be taken on as "indentured servants", this was not an acceptable option for Brace. His "family plan" anticipated that families should provide for the "orphans" with the same food, clothing, education, spiritual training, etc. that they would for their own biological children. Sometimes this happened, sometimes it didn't.[4] Because the majority of placements worked out well, the numbers of children riding the trains grew over time. An attempt was made to place non-English speaking children of immigrants with people who spoke their language.[5] Older children placed by The Children's Aid Society were to be paid for their labors.[2]

Two famous former orphan train riders are Governor John Green Brady of Alaska, and Governor Andrew Burke of North Dakota.

Other agencies also adopted the practice; Orphan Trains were also sent from Boston and Chicago.

Forwarding institutions

Some of the children who took the trains came from the following institutions: (partial list)[6]

  • Angel Guardian Home
  • Association for Befriending Children & Young Girls
  • Association for Benefit of Colored Orphans
  • Baby Fold
  • Baptist Children's Home of Long Island
  • Bedford Maternity, Inc.
  • Bellevue Hospital
  • Bensonhurst Maternity
  • Berachah Orphanage
  • Berkshire Farm for boys
  • Berwind Maternity Clinic
  • Beth Israel Hospital
  • Bethany Samaritan Society
  • Bethleham Lutheran Children's Home
  • Booth Memorial Hospital
  • Borough park Maternity Hospital
  • Brace Memorial Newsboys House
  • Bronx Maternity Hospital
  • Brooklyn Benevolent Society
  • Brooklyn Hebrew Orphan Asylum
  • Brooklyn Home for Children
  • Brooklyn Hospital
  • Brooklyn Industrial lSchool
  • Brooklyn Maternity Hospital
  • Brooklyn Nursery & Infants Hospital
  • Brookwood Child Care
  • Catholic Child Care Society
  • Cathollic Committee for Refugees
  • Catholic Guardian Society
  • Catholic Home Bureau
  • Child Welfare League of America
  • Children's Aid Society
  • Children's Haven
  • Children's Village, Inc.
  • Church Mission of Help
  • Colored Orphan Asylum
  • Convent of Mercy
  • Dana House
  • Door of Hope
  • Duval Collage for Infant Children
  • Edenwald School for Boys
  • Erlanger Home
  • Euphrasian Residence
  • Family Reception Center
  • Fellowship House for boys
  • Ferguson House
  • Five Points House of Industry
  • Florence Crittendon League
  • Goodhue Home
  • Grace Hospital
  • Graham Windham Services
  • Greer-Woodycrest Children's Services
  • Guardian Angel Home
  • Guild of the Infant Savior
  • Hale House for Infants, Inc.
  • Half-Orphan Asylum
  • Harman Home for Children
  • Heartsease Home
  • Hebrew Orphan Asylum
  • Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society
  • Holy Angels' School
  • Home for Destitute Children
  • Home for Destitute Children of Seamen
  • Home for Friendless Women and Children
  • Hopewell Society of Brooklyn
  • House of the Good Shepherd
  • House of Mercy
  • House of Refuge
  • Howard Mission & Home for Little Wanderers
  • Infant Asylum
  • Infants' Home of Brooklyn
  • Institution of Mercy
  • Jewish Board of Guardians
  • Jewish Protectory & Aid Society
  • Kallman Home for Children
  • Little Flower Children's Services
  • Maternity Center Association
  • McCloskey School & Home
  • McMahon Memorial Shelter
  • Mercy Orphanage
  • Messiah Home for Children
  • Methodist Child Welfare Society
  • Misericordia Hospital
  • Mission of the Immaculate Virgin
  • Morrisania City Hospital
  • Mother Theodore's Memorial Girls' Home
  • Mothers & Babies Hospital
  • Mount Siani Hospital
  • New York Foundling Hospital
  • New York Home for Friendless Boys
  • New York House of Refuge
  • New York Juvenile Asylum
  • New York Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children
  • Ninth St. Day Nursery & Orphans' Home
  • Orphan Asylum Society of the City of Brooklyn
  • Orphan House
  • Ottilie Home for Children

Foundling Hospital "Mercy Trains"

Main article: New York Foundling

The New York Foundling Hospital was established in 1869 by Sister Mary Irene Fitzgibbon of the Sisters of Charity of New York as a shelter for abandoned infants. The Sisters worked in conjunction with Priests throughout the Midwest and South in an effort to place these children in Catholic families. The Foundling Hospital sent infants and toddlers to prearranged Roman Catholic homes from 1875 to 1914.[5] Parishioners in the destination regions were asked to accept children, and parish priests provided applications to approved families. This practice was first known as the "Baby Train", then later the "Mercy Train." By the 1910s 1,000 children a year were placed with new families.[7]

Decline

The Children's Aid Society and The New York Foundlinig Hospital continued to "place out" children until 1930. The onset of the depression in made it extremely hard for familes to consider "adding another mouth to feed", and foster care homes were beginning to replace the large orphanages of the past.

There was a strong demand from farmers who could not have children of their own, so the Foundling Hospital set up "baby trains" to take as many as a thousand children a year west to Catholic farm families recommended by local priests. If there was a problem, the Foundling Hospital sent out agents to move the child to a better family. The program lasted until the 1920s, when policy shifted to using orphanages and foster homes in New York.[8]

Legacy

Roberta Lowrey, genealogist and great-granddaughter of a train rider, noted that child labor was a fact of life, “whether you were an orphan train rider, or whether you were born into a farm family in the Midwest, or a cotton-picking family in Texas, or a corn-growing family in Iowa.”[9]

According to Stephen O'Connor, although the majority of children placed by the CAS went to the Midwest and West, the state that received the greatest number by far (nearly one-third of the total) was New York. Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania also received substantial numbers of children.[10]

Historians who have studied the records of the Children’s Aid Society closely have concluded that the largest number of orphan train children were temporarily transferred or shared, not given up. Most children were not permanently separated geographically or culturally, from their parents and communities of origin. Well into the twentieth century, impoverished but resourceful parents took advantage of the services for their own purposes, including temporary caretaking during periods of economic crisis and apprenticeships that helped children enter the labor market. Many poor parents had no intention of losing track of their children, and they usually did not, even in the case of very young children placed permanently for “adoption.”[11]

Despite problems, the system provided the best chance for many children.[5] While some of the riders expressed sadness at being separated from siblings during the process because the foster parents wanted to take only one child, as often, they speak with gratitude toward their foster families.[9] Linda McCaffery, a professor at Barton County Community College notes a broad range of experiences diverse as the quarter million orphans who rode the trains. “Many were used as strictly slave farm labor, but there are stories, wonderful stories of children ending up in fine families that loved them, cherished them, [and] educated them.”[9] Lowrey points out, “They were so much better off than if they had been left on the streets of New York. ... They were just not going to survive, or if they had, their fate would surely have been awful.”[9]

D. Bruce Ayler writes, "The Orphan Trains were needed at the time they happened. They were not the best answer, but they were the first attempts at finding a practical system. Many children that would have died, lived to have children and grandchildren. It has been calculated that over two million descendants have come from these children. The trains gave the children a fighting chance to grow up.[12]

Organizations

The Orphan Train Heritage Society of America (OTHSA), is headquartered in Springdale, Arkansas.[5]

National Orphan Train Complex dedication

The National Orphan Train Complex, also known as the "National Orphan Train Museum and Research Center", is located in Concordia, Kansas.[13] The Museum and Research Center is dedicated to the preservation of the stories and artifacts of those who were part of the Orphan Train Movement from 1854-1929. The museum is located at the restored Union Pacific Railroad Depot in Concordia which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Complex in maintains an archive of riders' stories and houses a research facility. Services offered by the museum include rider research, educational material, and a collection of photos and other memorabilia.

Media references

  • "Extra! Extra! The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York" by Renée Wendinger, is an unabridged nonfiction resource book and pictorial history about the orphan trains. ISBN 978-0-615-29755-2
  • Good Boy (Little Orphan at the Train), Norman Rockwell painting
  • "Eddie Rode The Orphan Train", song by Jim Roll and covered by Jason Ringenberg
  • Orphan Train, a 1979 television film directed by William A. Graham.
  • "Rider on an Orphan Train", song by David Massengill
  • Orphan Train, a 2013 novel by Christina Baker Kline
  • Placing Out, 2007 documentary sponsored by the Kansas Humanities Council

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Lindahl, M., "The Orphan Train", Pietisten, Vol. XIX, No. 1, Fall 2004
  2. ^ a b "History", Children's Aid Society Cite error: The named reference "cas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ The Orphan Trains documentary film
  4. ^ a b c DiPasquale, Connie. "A History of the Orphan Trains", The Kansas Collection
  5. ^ a b c d Warren, Andrea. "The Orphan Train", The Washington Post, 1998
  6. ^ DiPasquale, Connie. "Orphans Trains of Kansas", The Kansas Collection
  7. ^ Dianne Creagh, "The Baby Trains: Catholic Foster Care and Western Migration, 1873-1929," Journal of Social History (2012) 46#1 pp 197-218 online
  8. ^ Dianne Creagh, "The Baby Trains: Catholic Foster Care and Western Migration, 1873-1929", Journal of Social History (2012) 46(1): 197-218.
  9. ^ a b c d Scheuerman, Dan. "Lost Children: Riders on the Orphan Train", Humanities, November/December 2007 | Volume 28, Number 6
  10. ^ O'Connor, Stephen. Orphan Trains, Houghton Miflin, 2001
  11. ^ "Orphan Trains", The Adoption History Project, University of Oregon
  12. ^ Ayler, D.Bruce. "The Orphan Train Experience", National Orphan Train Complex
  13. ^ "National Orphan Train Complex". Orphantraindepot.com. Retrieved 2013-11-27.

Further reading

  • Creagh, Dianne. "The Baby Trains: Catholic Foster Care and Western Migration, 1873-1929", Journal of Social History (2012) 46(1): 197-218.
  • Holt, Marilyn Irvin. The Orphan Trains: Placing Out in America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8032-7265-0
  • Johnson, Mary Ellen, ed. Orphan Train Riders: Their Own Stories, (2 vol. 1992),
  • Kidder, Clark (2007). Emily's Story : The Brave Journey of an Orphan Train Rider. [Janesville, Wisconsin]: C. Kidder. ISBN 978-0615153131.
  • Kidder, [Edited] by Clark (2007). Orphan Trains and Their Precious Cargo : The Life's Work of Rev. H.D. Clarke. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0788417559. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  • Magnuson, James and Dorothea G. Petrie. Orphan Train. New York: Dial Press, 1978. ISBN 0-8037-7375-7
  • O'Connor, Stephen. Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. ISBN 0-3958-4173-9
  • Patrick, Michael, and Evelyn Trickel. Orphan Trains to Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.
  • Patrick, Michael, Evelyn Sheets, and Evelyn Trickel. We Are Part of History: The Story of the Orphan Trains. Santa Fe, NM: The Lightning Tree, 1990.
  • Riley, Tom. The Orphan Trains. New York: LGT Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7884-3169-2
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