Outward Bound
![Outward Bound Compass Rose Logo used by schools around the world.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Outward_Bound_Compass_Rose.jpg/220px-Outward_Bound_Compass_Rose.jpg)
Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education schools that was founded in the United Kingdom by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt in 1941. Today there are schools in 33 countries which are attended by more than 250,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools.[1] The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom.[2][3] Separate organizations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.[4]
Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs.[5] Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.
History
The first Outward Bound school was opened in Aberdovey, Wales in 1941 by Kurt Hahn and Lawrence Holt with the support of the Blue Funnel Line.[6][7] Outward Bound grew out of Hahn's work in the development of the Gordonstoun school and what is now known as the Duke of Edinburgh's Award. Outward Bound's founding mission was to improve the survival chances of young seamen after their ships were torpedoed in the mid-Atlantic.[5]
James Martin Hogan served as warden for the first year of the school.[8] This mission was established and then expanded by Capt. J. F. 'Freddy' Fuller who took over the leadership of the Aberdovey school in 1942 and served the Outward Bound movement as senior warden until 1971.[9] Fuller had been seconded from the Blue Funnel Line following wartime experience during the Battle of the Atlantic of surviving two successive torpedo attacks and commanding an open lifeboat in the Atlantic Ocean for thirty-five days without losing a single member of the crew.[10] The first Outward Bound program for females was conducted in 1951.
A second school followed in the United Kingdom at Eskdale Green in 1950.[5] During the next decade, several other schools opened around the United Kingdom.[5] Outward Bound Australia was founded in 1956.[11] A school in Lumut, Malaysia was opened in 1958.[5] The first Outward Bound USA course was run in 1961, for the Peace Corps which it helped to shape.[12] Outward Bound New Zealand was founded in 1962 and Outward Bound Singapore was established in 1967.[3]
From the inception of Outward Bound, community service was an integral part of the program, especially in the areas of sea and mountain rescues and this remains an important part of the training for both staff and students.[8] During the period 1941 to 1965 in the United Kingdom, the philosophy of the schools evolved from ‘character‐training’ to ‘personal growth’ and ‘self‐discovery’.[13]
Name
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg/220px-ICS_Papa.svg.png)
The name Outward Bound derives from a nautical expression that refers to the moment a ship leaves the harbor. This is signified by Outward Bound's use of the nautical flag, the Blue Peter (a white square inside a blue square). JF Fuller adapted the Outward Bound motto, "To Serve, To Strive and not To Yield," from the poem "Ulysses" by Alfred Lord Tennyson:
... Come, my friends.
Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
Though much is taken, much abides; and though
We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are --
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
Current
Since its founding in the middle of the last century, Outward Bound has encouraged individuals to test their physical and emotional limits in challenging outdoor adventure programs. The experiences are a means of building inner strength and a heightened awareness of human interdependence.[14] Outward Bound operates more than 30 schools in various countries and reports serving over 250,000 students each year.[1] The Compass Rose serves as the logo for almost all the schools around the world.[15]
Course specifics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/OutwardBoundTrip.jpg/250px-OutwardBoundTrip.jpg)
Outward Bound courses follow a kind of recipe or formula, termed the Outward Bound Process Model which is well described by Walsh and Golins (1976) as:[16]
- Taking a ready, motivated learner
- into a prescribed, unfamiliar physical environment,
- along with a small group of people
- who are faced with a series of incremental, inter-related problem-solving tasks
- which creates in the individual a state of dissonance requiring adaptive coping and
- leads to a sense of mastery or competence when equilibrium is managed.
- The cumulative effect of these experiences leads to a reorganisation of the self-conceptions and information the learner holds about him/herself.
- The learner will then continue to be positively oriented to further learning and development experiences (transfer).
In a typical class, participants are divided into small patrols (or groups) under the guidance of one or more instructors. The first few days, often at a base camp, are spent training for the outdoor education activities that the course will contain and in the philosophy of Outward Bound. After initial confidence-building challenges, the group heads off on an expedition. As the group develops the capacity to do so, the instructors ask the group to make its own decisions.[16]
See also
- Adventure education
- Experiential education
- Experiential learning
- Lack of physical education
- Outward Bound Australia
- Outward Bound Costa Rica
- Outward Bound New Zealand
- Outward Bound Singapore
- Outward Bound USA
References
- ^ a b "Outward Bound International". Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ "Our History". The Outward Bound Trust. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ a b "INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION".
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "OB Schools". Outward Bound International. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Priest, Simon; Gass, Michael (2017). Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming (3 ed.). Human Kinetics. pp. 74–6. ISBN 9781492547860.
- ^ "History". Outward Bound International. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Outward Bound International (2004). Birth of Outward Bound Archived 2007-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
- ^ a b Outward Bound Wales, Aberdovey. Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ James, David, (1957) "Outward Bound" Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
- ^ Outward Bound USA: Crew Not Passengers. Mountaineers Books. 2002. ISBN 978-0-89886-874-6.
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ignored (help) - ^ "History | Outward Bound Australia". Outward Bound Australia. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Outward Bound 2015 Program Guide". Issuu. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ Freeman, Mark (13 December 2010). "From 'character‐training' to 'personal growth': the early history of Outward Bound 1941–1965". History of Education. 40 (1): 21–43. doi:10.1080/0046760x.2010.507223. ISSN 0046-760X.
- ^ Outward Bound USA: Crew not Passengers, Josh Miner and Joe Boldt (Seattle: The Mountaineer Books, 2002)
- ^ "Licensing". Outward Bound International. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
- ^ a b Walsh, V., & Golins, G. L. (1976). The exploration of the Outward Bound process. Denver, CO: Colorado Outward Bound School.