Pacing strategies in track and field
Pacing strategies in track and field are the varied strategies which runners use to distribute their energy throughout a race. Optimal strategies exist and have been studied for the different events of track and field. These optimal strategies differ for runners in sprint events, such as the 100 metres, runners in middle-distance events, such as the 800 meters or the mile run,[1] and runners in long-distance events, such as the 5000m[2] or marathon.[3] Additionally, pacing typically differs between different styles of races. For instance, in a time trial, where the goal of a racer is simply to run the fastest time, participants will typically employ the aforementioned optimal pacing strategy. However, in a championship race, where the goal of the racer is to win, the pace is typically slow in the beginning of the race and gradually speeds up for a sprint finish, often meaning the race is run with a negative split.[4] Typically, to run a world record, the runner must employ a near-optimal pacing strategy.[5]
Strategies
Track and field racers have a variety of options in the ways they can choose to pace their races.
Even-split
Even-splitting is a strategy in which the racer attempts to hit the same split in every lap of the race. The racer tries to run an "even" pace during the entire race. In long-distance events, this can often be an optimal strategy.[6]
Positive-split
Positive-splitting is a racing strategy that involves completing the first half of a race faster than the second half. Typically, the runner goes out at a pace faster than he or she can maintain for the entire race, leading to a slower end of the race. Positive-splitting can be employed as a tactic, or can simply be a byproduct of an overambitious early pace.
Negative-split
Negative-splitting is a racing strategy that involves completing the second half of a race faster than the first half. The racer runs slow in the beginning, and gradually runs faster as the race progresses. This is typically seen as a conservative racing strategy, but in distance events, many world records have been run with a slight negative split.[7]
Sit-and-kick
Sit-and-kick, a related strategy to negative-splitting, is one in which the racer typically sits in the pack of the race, not taking the lead or going very fast, and then attempts to "kick" or sprint by the other racers during the last laps of the race. The sit-and-kick can be employed by individual runners or, in the case of many championship races, the entire field may attempt to sit-and-kick,[8] thus leading to drastically slow times for the first few laps. and faster than normal times for the last laps.
Optimal pacing
While all of the above strategies can be employed, certain pacing strategies, for physiological reasons, will yield the fastest times.
Sprint events
For the 100m and 200m events, pacing is not a factor. Because the race is so short, racers simply run at their top speed for the duration of the race. However, for the 400m at the elite level, the event is almost uniformly run with a positive-split strategy. Runners run the first 200m faster than the final 200m.[9][10]
Middle-distance events
In the 800 meters, the fastest times have almost always been achieved with a positive-split strategy. A study of 26 world-record 800m races from 1912 to 1997 showed that in 92% of the fastest 800m races, the first half of the race has been run faster than the second half.[5] This implies that the optimal strategy for the 800m is to positive-split.
Long-distance events
In the 5000 meters and 10000 meters, the optimal strategy shifts to even-splitting. An analysis of world-record performances in these events shows a clear pattern: relatively even pacing throughout most of the race, and a slight increase in speed in the last 1000m of both the 5000m and 10000m.[5] While one could interpret this concluding increase in speed as evidence of a sit-and-kick strategy, the increase in speed observed in these performances is not nearly as dramatic and pronounced as what is typically observed in a sit-and-kick type race.
References
- ^ "Which lap is the slowest? An analysis of 32 world mile record performances". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ "The Impact of Different Pacing Strategies on Five-Kilometer Running Time Trial Performance". Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running". Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ "Pacing in Olympic track races: Competitive tactics versus best performance strategy". doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.701759#abstract (inactive 2016-07-13). Retrieved 11 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2016 (link) - ^ a b c "An Analysis of Pacing Strategies During Men's World-Record Performances in Track Athletics" (PDF). Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ Abbiss, Chris R; Laursen, Paul B (2008). "Describing and Understanding Pacing Strategies during Athletic Competition". Sports Medicine. 38 (3): 239. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838030-00004. PMID 18278984. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ "What Is the Point of Running Negative Splits?". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
- ^ "Sit and kick was the best option for Farah's rivals". Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ Reardon, James C. (2012). "Optimal Pacing for Running 400 m and 800 m Track Races". American Journal of Physics. 81 (6): 428. arXiv:1204.0313. doi:10.1119/1.4803068.
- ^ Saraslanidis, Ploutarchos J.; Panoutsakopoulos, Vassilios; Tsalis, George A.; Kyprianou, Efthymios (2010). "The effect of different first 200-m pacing strategies on blood lactate and biomechanical parameters of the 400-m sprint". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 111 (8): 1579. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1772-4. PMID 21190037. Retrieved 13 March 2015.