Palianytsia
 Palianytsia on a Ukrainian stamp | |
| Type | Bread |
|---|---|
| Place of origin | Ukraine |
| Main ingredients | Flour |
Palianytsia (Ukrainian: паляниця, Ukrainian: [pɐlʲɐˈnɪt͡sʲɐ]) is a type of Ukrainian hearth-baked bread, made mostly of wheat flour in a home oven. The yeast hearth bread has a semi-circular cut across the top third of the loaf.
Etymology
The word comes from Ukrainian: пали́ти, romanized: palyty, meaning "to burn" or "to smoke".[1] This is because, when baking the bread, the raised crust can sometimes be burned. In the 19th century, the Russians used similar names.[2] Another version is based on the assumption that pOlianytsia is a traditional bread produced by the Polans (Poliany) an early medieval tribe of Eastern Slavs.
Ahatanhel Krymsky, a noted Ukrainophile and scholar, believed that the word palianytsia comes from the Greek: πελανος, romanized: pelanos,[3][page needed] which referred to round cakes offered to the gods.[4]
Recipe
Traditional palianytsia was baked from yeast dough. First, hops were boiled in a pot, which was then poured into a makitra, to which sifted wheat flour was added. The resulting dough was kneaded, covered with a makitra and left to cool. Yeast or sourdough was added to the cooled dough and placed in an unheated oven overnight. In the morning, the dough that had already risen was kneaded with wheat flour, and warm water and salt were added. The dough was then kneaded at night until it stopped sticking to the baker's hands. After that, the dough was divided into pieces, which were then rolled out on the table. The resulting bread was placed in the oven on a wooden shovel, sprinkled with flour or steamed cabbage leaf. Finally, an incision was made in the bread to allow it to rise further when baked.[5]
According to GOST 12793-77, the bakeries of the USSR produced a standardized "Ukrainian palianytsia" baked in molds.[6] It had a weight of 750g-1kg, with a lateral cut of 3/4 of a circle.
Symbolism
In Christianity, palianytsia, like bread in general, symbolizes happiness and well-being, the body of God, affection, hospitality and security. Palianytsia can also be interpreted as a symbol of the sun.[7]
According to popular belief, you should not eat a piece of palianytsia after another person, as doing so will take away their happiness. It is also unlucky to leave a piece uneaten; and eating bread behind another person's back will "eat" their strength.[8]
Other uses
The word palianytsia is used as a shibboleth in the Ukrainian language, to identify people for whom the Ukrainian language is not native. Russians tend to pronounce palianytsia replacing the sound Ukrainian и (y) with і (i), and sometimes the Ukrainian я (ia) with а (a),[9] sounding more like "palianitsa" ([pɐlʲɪˈnʲit͡sə]). During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the word became one of those proposed to use to identify subversive enemy reconnaissance groups.[10][11]
See also
References
- ^ Етимологічний словник української мови. Том 4: Н–П. 2003.
- ^ Киевская старина (1899). 1899.
- ^ Киевская старина (1899). 1899.
- ^ "πελανός", Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon at www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ^ Ethnographic Review No 1-2 (in Russian). Moscow: Ethnographic Department of the Imperial Society of Naturalists, Anthropologists and Ethnographers. 1899.
- ^ "ГОСТ 27842-88 Хлеб из пшеничной муки. Технические условия (с Изменениями N 1, 2) от 29 сентября 1988 - docs.cntd.ru". docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ Коцур, В.П.; Потапенко, О.І.; Куйбіда, B.В. (2015). Енциклопедичний словник символів культури України (in Ukrainian). ISBN 9789662464481.
- ^ Коцур, В.П.; Потапенко, О.І.; Куйбіда, B.В. (2015). Енциклопедичний словник символів культури України (in Ukrainian). ISBN 9789662464481.
- ^ "Shibboleth". BLOG|ON|LINGUISTICS. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ "Скажи паляниця: чому саме це слово вибрали для ідентифікації російських військових". Апостроф (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ "Не вимовив "паляниця": на Рівненщині затримали росіянина з "вибухівкою"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-04-13.