Parikh–Doering oxidation
The Parikh–Doering oxidation is an oxidation reaction that transforms primary and secondary alcohols into aldehydes and ketones, respectively.[1] The procedure uses dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the oxidant, activated by the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex in the presence of triethylamine base.
The reaction can be run at mild temperatures, often between 0 °C and room temperature, without formation of significant amounts of (methylthio)methyl ether (MeSCH2OR) as a side product.[2] The following example from the total synthesis of (–)-kumausallene by P.A. Evans and coworkers illustrates typical reaction conditions:[3]
Mechanism
The first step of the Parikh–Doering oxidation is the reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which exists as a hybrid of the resonance structures 1a and 1b, with sulfur trioxide (2), giving intermediate 3. Nucleophilic attack by alcohol 4 and deprotonation by pyridine (5) gives intermediate 6, an alkoxysulfonium ion associated with the anionic pyridinium sulfate complex.
The addition of at least two equivalents of base deprotonates the alkoxysulfonium ion to give sulfur ylide 7 and removes the pyridinium sulfate counterion. In the last step, the ylide goes through a five-membered ring transition state to give the desired ketone or aldehyde 8, as well as an equivalent of dimethyl sulfide.
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Application
Parikh–Doering oxidation is widely applied in organic synthesis. Here is an example of the Parikh–Doering oxidation's application in the Nicolaou cortistatin total synthesis,[4] where the reaction transforms the hydroxyl functional group into an aldehyde. This process leads to Ohira-Bestmann homologation, which is critical in the following 1,4 addition/aldol condensation/dehydration cascade that forms cortistatins' seven-membered ring. The synthetic route is shown below:
References
- ^ Tidwell, T. T. Org. React. 1990, 39, 297. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or039.03
- ^ J. R. Parikh; W. v. E. Doering (1967). "Sulfur Trioxide in the Oxidation of Alcohols by Dimethyl Sulfoxide". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 89: 5505–5507. doi:10.1021/ja00997a067.
- ^ P. A. Evans; V. S. Murthy; J. D. Roseman; A. L. Rheingold (1999). "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Nonisoprenoid Sesquiterpene (-)-Kumausallene". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 38: 3175–3177. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3175::AID-ANIE3175>3.0.CO;2-M.
- ^ K. C. Nicolaou; Xiao-Shui Peng; Ya-Ping Sun; Damien Polet; Bin Zou; Chek Shik Lim; David Y.-K. Chen (2009). "Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cortistatins A and J and Analogues Thereof". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (30): 10587–10597. doi:10.1021/ja902939t. PMID 19722632.