Paris Psalter

Prophet Isaiah and "Nyx", a female figure whose inverted torch and drapery blown over her head follow Hellenistic conventions.

The Paris Psalter (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, MS. gr. 139) is a Byzantine illuminated manuscript containing 449 folios and 14 full-page miniatures "in a grand, almost classical style", as the Encyclopaedia Britannica put it. Together with Basil I's Homilies of St Gregory Nazianzus, the Paris Psalter is considered a key monument of the so-called Macedonian Renaissance in Byzantine art.

The most famous miniature depicts David playing the harp at the side of the seated female figure of "Melody". Around this central group are the figure of Echo, various animals charmed by music, and even a male figure symbolising the town of Bethlehem. The whole composition was likely modelled on a Greco-Roman wall painting representing Orpheus charming the world with his music.

This and other miniatures are so Hellenistic in execution and so unlike the received notion of what medieval art in general and Byzantine art in particular should look like, that most 19th-century authorities dated the manuscript to the time of Justinian. The Byzantists Hugo Buchthal and Kurt Weitzmann conclusively demonstrated that the book was created in the 10th century, however.