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This article is about the state of being. For other uses, see Patience (disambiguation).
"Impatience" redirects here. For other uses, see Impatience (disambiguation).
Patience, engraving by Hans Sebald Beham, 1540
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Patience (or forbearance) is the ability to endure difficult circumstances. Patience may involve perseverance in the face of delay; tolerance of provocation without responding in disrespect/anger;[1] or forbearance when under strain, especially when faced with longer-term difficulties, or being able to wait for a long amount of time without getting irritated or bored. Patience is the level of endurance one can have before disrespect. It is also used to refer to the character trait of being steadfast. Antonyms include hastiness and impetuousness.

Scientific perspectives

See also: Delayed gratification, Reward dependence, and Reward system

In psychology and in cognitive neuroscience, patience is studied as a decision-making problem, involving the choice of either a small reward in the short-term, versus a more valuable reward in the long-term.[2]

In 2005 a study involving common marmosets and cottontop tamarins, animals of both species faced a self-control paradigm in which individuals chose between taking an immediate small reward and waiting a variable amount of time for a large reward. Under these conditions, marmosets waited significantly longer for food than tamarins. This difference cannot be explained by life history, social behaviour or brain size. It can, however, be explained by feeding ecology: marmosets rely on gum, a food product acquired by waiting for exudate to flow from trees, whereas tamarins feed on insects, a food product requiring impulsive action. Foraging ecology, therefore, may provide a selective pressure for the evolution of self-control.[3]

Patience in waiting for a video to start is impacted by the Internet speeds that one is accustomed to.[4] Users accustomed to faster Internet connectivity (e.g., fiber) abandon a slow-loading video at a faster rate than users with slower Internet connectivity (e.g., cable or mobile).

Patience of human users in the online world has been the subject of much recent scientific research. In a 2012 study[4] involving tens of millions of users who watched videos on the Internet, Krishnan and Sitaraman show that online users lose patience in as little as two seconds while waiting for their chosen video to start playing.[5] The study also shows that users who are connected to the Internet at faster speeds are less patient than their counterparts connected at slower speeds, demonstrating a link between the human expectation of speed and human patience. These and other scientific studies of patience have led many social commentators to conclude that the rapid pace of technology is rewiring humans to be less and less patient.[6][7][8]

Religious perspectives

Three virtues by Jan Saenredam after Hendrik Goltzius. This is plate 2, titled Patientia.

Judaism

Patience and fortitude are prominent themes in Judaism. The Talmud extols patience as an important personal trait. The story of Micah, for example, is that he suffers many challenging conditions and yet endures, saying "I will wait for the God who saves me." Patience in God, it is said, will aid believers in finding the strength to be delivered from the evils that are inherent in the physical life.[9]

In the Hebrew Torah, patience is referred to in several proverbs, such as "The patient man shows much good sense, but the quick-tempered man displays folly at its height" (Proverbs 14:29, NAB); "An ill-tempered man stirs up strife, but a patient man allays discord." (Proverbs 15:18, NAB); and "A patient man is better than a warrior, and he who rules his temper, than he who takes a city." (Proverbs 16:32). The emotion is also discussed in other sections, such as Ecclesiastes: "Better is the patient spirit than the lofty spirit. Do not in spirit become quickly discontented, for discontent lodges in the bosom of a fool." (Ecclesiastes 7:8-9, NAB).

Christianity

In the Christian religion, patience is one of the most valuable virtues of life.[10] Increasing patience is viewed as the work of the Holy Ghost in the Christian who has accepted the gift of salvation. While patience is not one of the traditional biblical three theological virtues nor one of the traditional cardinal virtues, it is part of the fruit of the Holy Spirit, according to the Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Galatians.[11] Patience was included in later formulations of the seven virtues.

In the Christian Bible, patience is referred to in several sections. The Book of Proverbs notes that "through patience a ruler can be persuaded, and a gentle tongue can break a bone" (Proverbs 25:14–16, NIV); Ecclesiastes points out that the "end of a matter is better than its beginning, and patience is better than pride" (Ecclesiastes 7:7–9, NIV); and 1 Thessalonians states that we should "be patient with all. See that no one returns evil for evil; rather, always seek what is good for each other and for all" (1 Thessalonians 5:14–15, NAB). In the Epistle of James, the Bible urges Christians to be patient, and " see how the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the earth,...until it receives the early and the late rains." (James 5:7–11, NAB). In Galatians, patience is listed as part of the "fruit of the Spirit": "love, joy, peace,[12] patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. Against such things there is no law". (Galatians 5:21–23, NIV). In Timothy, the Bible states that "Jesus might display his unlimited patience as an example for those who would believe on him and receive eternal life".(1 Timothy 1:15–17 NIV).[13]

Islam

Main article: Sabr

Patience with steadfast belief in Allah is called sabr (Arabic: صَبْرٌ ṣabr), one of the best virtues of life in Islam. Through sabr, a Muslim believes that an individual can grow closer to God and thus attain true peace. It is also stressed in Islam, that Allah is with those who are patient, more specifically during calamity and suffering. Several verses in Quran urge Muslims to seek Allah's help when faced with fear and loss, with patient prayers and perseverance for Allah. For example:[14]

Be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere; who say, when afflicted with calamity: "To Allah We belong, and to Him is our return".

— Quran, [2:155–156]

Similarly, patience is mentioned in hadith Sahih Bukhari:

Narrated Aisha: I asked Allah’s rasool about the plague. He said, “That was a means of torture which Allah used to send upon whomsoever He wished, but He made it a source of mercy for the believers, for anyone who is residing in a town in which this disease is present, and remains there and does not leave that town, but has patience and hopes for Allah’s reward, and knows that nothing will befall him except what Allah has written for him, then he will get such reward as that of a martyr.”

— Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:77:616

In Islamic tradition,(Ayyoob) illustrates a story where he demonstrated patience and steadfast belief in Allah. Ibn Kathir narrates the story in the following manner: Job was a very rich person with much land, and many animals and children — all of which were lost and soon he was struck with disease as a test from Allah. He remained steadfast and patient in his prayers to Allah, so Allah eventually relieved him of the disease, gave him double the money he lost, and raised to life twice the number of children who had died before him.[15]

Buddhism

Main article: Kshanti

In Buddhism, patience (Skt.: kshanti; Pali: khanti) is one of the "perfections" (paramitas) that a bodhisattva trains in and practices to realize perfect enlightenment (bodhi). The Buddhist concept of patience is distinct from the English definition of the word. In Buddhism, patience refers to not returning harm, rather than merely enduring a difficult situation. It is the ability to control one's emotions even when being criticized or attacked.[16] In verse 184 of the Dhammapada it is said that 'enduring patience is the highest austerity'.[17]

Hinduism

Patience and forbearance is considered an essential virtue in Hinduism.[18][19] In ancient literature of Hinduism, the concept of patience is referred to with the word pariksaha (patience and forbearance, Sanskrit: परिषहा),[20][21] and several other words such as sahiṣṇutā (patient toleration, Sanskrit: सहिष्णुता),[22] titiksha (forbearance, Sanskrit: तितिक्षा),[23][24] sah or sahanshilata (suffer with patience, Sanskrit: सह, सहनशीलता)[25][26] and several others.

Patience, in Hindu philosophy, is the cheerful endurance of trying conditions and the consequence of one's action and deeds (karma).[27] It is also the capacity to wait, endure opposites - such as pain and pleasure, cold and heat, sorrows and joys - calmly, without anxiety, and without a desire to seek revenge.[28][29] In interpersonal relationships, virtuous titiksha means that if someone attacks or insults without cause, one must endure it without feeling enmity, anger, resentment or anxiety.[30] The concept of patience is explained as being more than trust, and as a value that reflects the state of one's body and mind.[31] The term pariksaha is sometimes also translated as test or exam, in other contexts. Some of these concepts have been carried into the spiritual understanding of yoga. Sandilya Upanishad of Hinduism identifies ten sources of patience and forbearances: Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Daya, Arjava, Kshama, Dhriti, Mitahara and Saucha. In each of these ten forbearances, the virtuous implicit belief is that our current spirit and the future for everyone, including oneself, will be stronger if these forbearances are one's guide. Each source of those ten pariksaha (patience and forbearances) are:[32][33]

  • Ahimsa (non-violence) is not being violent to any human being and any living being at any time through one's action, with words one speaks or writes, or in one's thoughts.[31]
  • Satya is expressing and acting with truth.
  • Asteya is not coveting of another’s property through any act of one’s mind, speech, or body.
  • Brahmacharya is willingness to remain a bachelor by one's actions of mind, speech or body.
  • Daya is unconditional kindness to everyone and all creatures.
  • Arjava is the refusal to deceive or wrong others either by the performance or by non-performance of actions of one's mind, speech or body.
  • Kshama is acceptance of suffering while forgiving all pleasant or unpleasant things, such as praise or blow by others.
  • Dhriti is the will to remain of calm mind and spirit during periods of gain or loss of wealth or relatives.
  • Mitahara is moderation and restraint in consumption of food, drinks and wealth.
  • Saucha is the cleansing of the body by earth and water; and of the mind by the pursuit of understanding oneself.

The classical literature of Hinduism exists in many Indian languages. For example, Tirukkuṛaḷ written between 200 BC and 400 AD, and sometimes called the Tamil Veda, is one of the most cherished classics on Hinduism written in a South Indian language. It too discusses patience and forbearance, dedicating Chapter 16 of Book 1 to it. Tirukkuṛaḷ suggests patience is necessary for an ethical life and one's long term happiness, even if patience is sometimes difficult in the short term. Some of the verse excerpts from this book are: "our conduct must always foster forbearance"; "one must patiently endure rude remarks, because it delivers us to purity"; "if we are unjustly wronged by others, it is best to conquer our hurt with patience, accept suffering, and refrain from unrighteous retaliation"; "it is good to patiently endure injuries done to you, but to forget them is even better"; "just as the Earth bears those who dig into her, one must with patience bear with those who despise us", and so on.[34][35][36]

Meher Baba

The spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that "[O]ne of the first requirements of the [spiritual] aspirant is that he should combine unfailing enthusiasm with unyielding patience....Spiritual effort demands not only physical endurance and courage, but also unshrinking forbearance and unassailable moral courage."[37]

Philosophical perspectives

In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that "being able to wait is so hard that the greatest poets did not disdain to make the inability to wait the theme of their poetry." He notes that "Passion will not wait", and gives the example of cases of duels, in which the "advising friends have to determine whether the parties involved might be able to wait a while longer. If they cannot, then a duel is reasonable [because]...to wait would be to continue suffering the horrible torture of offended honor...".

See also

References

  1. ^ Lawrence Perison, Abel (1830). Address on Temperance, Delivered in the South Meeting House, Salem, January 14, 1830. Harvard University: Harvard University. p. 31.
  2. ^ O.,G.,J., Al-Ubaydli,Jones,Weel (2013). "Patience, cognitive skill, and coordination in the repeated stag hunt" (PDF). Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. 6 (2): 71–96. doi:10.1037/npe0000005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Stevens, J. R.; Hallinan, E. V.; Hauser, M. D. (2005). "The ecology and evolution of patience in two New World monkeys" (PDF). Biology Letters. 1 (2): 223–226. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0285. PMC 1626214. PMID 17148172.
  4. ^ a b "Video Stream Quality Impacts Viewer Behavior, by Krishnan and Sitaraman, ACM Internet Measurement Conference, Nov 2012" (PDF).
  5. ^ "CNN: Online viewers ditch slow-loading video after 2 seconds, November 2012". Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  6. ^ "NPR Morning Edition: In Video-Streaming Rat Race, Fast is Never Fast Enough, October 2012". Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  7. ^ "Boston Globe: Instant gratification is making us perpetually impatient, Feb 2013". Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  8. ^ "Patience is a Network Effect, by Nicholas Carr, Nov 2012". 11 November 2012.
  9. ^ Firestone, Reuven. "Patience". Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
  10. ^ Ford, LLD, Thomas (1811). "The Dignity and Duty of Magistrates. A Sermon [on Job Xxix. 14-17] Preached ... at the Assizes ... in St. Martin Church, Leicester, August 8, 1811". The High-Sheriff and the Grand Jury: 8. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ See David Baily Harned, Patience: How We Wait Upon the World, rev. ed. (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2015), chap. 2.
  12. ^ Taylor, Charles (1814). "The Literary Panorama". The Literary Panorama. 15: 1010.
  13. ^ Harned, David Baily (2015). Patience: How We Wait Upon the World. Afterword: "Leadership and Unnatural Virtues: George Washington and the Patience of Power." Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock.
  14. ^ see also: [Quran 3:195–200], [Quran 41:24–35], and [Quran 11:114–115]
  15. ^ Ibn Kathir (2001). Stories of the Prophet. Dar Al-Manarah. pp. 157–160. ISBN 977-6005-17-9.
  16. ^ "Alexander Berzin, The Ten Perfections in Theravada, Mahayana and Bon, 1995". StudyBuddhism.com. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  17. ^ Buddharakkhita, Acharya. "Dhammapada, 184". Access to Insight. Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2014-12-24.
  18. ^ See virtues discussed under article on Sanatana Dharma Encyclopædia Britannica (2009).
  19. ^ Madigan, T. (2009), Schopenhauer’s compassionate morality, Philosophy Now, 52, 16-17.
  20. ^ see PariSahA, Sanskrit Dictionary, Germany.
  21. ^ Search for sanskrit word pariSahA Monier Williams Translation of Sanskrit Concepts, University of Koln, Germany.
  22. ^ Sanskrit words related to "Patience" in Sanskrit Dictionary, Germany See also Monier Williams Translation of Sanskrit Concepts.
  23. ^ Hunter, A. (2007), Forgiveness: Hindu and Western Perspectives, Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, 20(1), 11.
  24. ^ Titiksha Sanskrit Dictionary, Germany.
  25. ^ Sahanshilata Sanskrit Dictionary, Germany.
  26. ^ see entry for SAH 3rd column, Page 343, Macdonell Sanskrit Dictionary.
  27. ^ Shankaracharya's Vedānta Ernest Wood, ISBN 978-1425482596, see Chapter 4, under GNYANA-YOGA, pp 73-74.
  28. ^ R.S. Nathan (2000), Hinduism that is Sanatana Dharma. ISBN 81-7597-065-0
  29. ^ Tattvabhushan, S. (1898), Sankvracharya (His life and teaching: a translation of Atma-Bodha), 2nd Edition, The Society for the Resuscitation of Indian Literature.
  30. ^ Hunter, A. and Rigby, A. (2009), Gandhi and the virtue of forgiveness, Gandhi Marg 30 (4), see page 430.
  31. ^ a b Kaneda, T. (2008). Shanti, peacefulness of mind. C. Eppert & H. Wang (Eds.), Cross cultural studies in curriculum: Eastern thought, educational insights, pages 171-192, ISBN 978-0805856736, Taylor & Francis
  32. ^ Swami, P. (2000). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upaniṣads: SZ (Vol. 3). Sarup & Sons; see pages 630-631.
  33. ^ Ballantyne, J. R., & Yogīndra, S. (1850). A Lecture on the Vedánta: Embracing the Text of the Vedánta-sára. Presbyterian mission press.
  34. ^ Tirukkuṛaḷ Translated by Rev G.U. Pope, Rev W.H. Drew, Rev John Lazarus, and Mr F W Ellis (1886), WH Allen & Company; see section 1.2.12; pages 19-20.
  35. ^ Tirukkuṛaḷ Archived December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine see Chapter 16, Book 1.
  36. ^ Tirukkuṛaḷ Translated by V.V.R. Aiyar, Tirupparaithurai : Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam (1998).
  37. ^ Baba, Meher (1967). Discourses. 3. San Francisco: Sufism Reoriented. p. 118-119. ISBN 978-1880619094.
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