Paul Delaroche

Paul Delaroche

Paul Delaroche (17 July 1797 – 4 November 1856), born Hippolyte, was a French painter. He was trained by Antoine-Jean, Baron Gros, a painter of life-size historical subjects who had many students.

Biography

He was born, worked, and died in Paris. His studio was in the rue Mazarin. His subjects were painted with a firm, solid, smooth surface, which gave an appearance of the highest finish. This texture was the manner of the day and was also found in the works of Vernet, Ary Scheffer, Louis Léopold Robert and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. Among his students were British landscape artist Henry Mark Anthony, British history painters Edward Armitage and Charles Lucy, and American painter/photographer Alfred Boisseau (1823–1901).

The first Delaroche picture exhibited was the large Jehosheba saving Joash (1822). This exhibition led to his acquaintance with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix, with whom he formed the core of a large group of Parisian historical painters. He visited Italy in 1838 and 1843, when his father-in-law, Horace Vernet, was director of the French Academy in Rome. In 1845, he was elected into the National Academy of Design, New York, as an Honorary Academician.

Style

Delaroche's paintings, with their straightforward technique and dramatic compositions, became very popular. He applied essentially the same treatment to the characters of distant historical times, the founders of Christianity, and various figures of his own day such as Napoleon at Fontainebleau, Napoleon at St Helena, or Marie Antoinette leaving the Convention after her sentence.

Historical works and accuracy

His dramatic paintings include Strafford Led to Execution, depicting the English Archbishop Laud stretching his arms out of the small high window of his cell to bless Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, as Strafford passes along the corridor to be executed, and the Assassination of the duc de Guise at Blois. Another famous work shows Cardinal Richelieu in a gorgeous barge, preceding the boat carrying Cinq-Mars and De Thou carried to their execution. Other important Delaroche works include The Princes in the Tower and La Jeune Martyre (showing a young female martyr floating dead on the Tiber).

Delaroche's work sometimes contained historical inaccuracies. Cromwell lifting the Coffin-lid and looking at the Body of Charles is based on an urban legend, and The Execution of Lady Jane Grey is represented as taking place in a dungeon, which is badly inaccurate. He tended to care more about dramatic effect than historical truth: see also The King in the Guardroom, where villainous Puritan soldiers blow tobacco smoke in the face of King Charles, and Queen Elizabeth Dying on the Ground.

Marriage to Louise Vernet

Delaroche's love for Horace Vernet's daughter Louise was the absorbing passion of his life. He married Louise in 1835, in which year he also exhibited Head of an Angel, which was based on a study of her. It is said that Delaroche never recovered from the shock of her death in 1845 at the age of 31. After her loss he produced a sequence of small elaborate pictures of incidents in Jesus' Passion. He focused attention on the human drama of the Passion, as in a painting where Mary and the apostles hear the crowd cheering Jesus on the Via Dolorosa, and another where St. John escorts Mary home after her son's death.

The Hémicycle

section 2 of the Hémicycle, 1841–1842

Central section of the Hémicycle, 1841–1842

section 3 of the Hémicycle, 1841–1842

In 1837 Delaroche received the commission for the great picture that came to be known as the Hémicycle, a Raphaelesque tableau influenced by The School of Athens. This was a mural 27 metres (88.5 ft) long, in the hemicycle of the award theatre of the École des Beaux Arts. The commission came from the École's architect, Félix Duban. The painting represents seventy-five great artists of all ages, in conversation, assembled in groups on either hand of a central elevation of white marble steps, on the topmost of which are three thrones filled by the creators of the Parthenon: architect Phidias, sculptor Ictinus, and painter Apelles, symbolizing the unity of these arts.

To supply the female element in this vast composition he introduced the genii or muses, who symbolize or reign over the arts, leaning against the balustrade of the steps, depicted as idealized female figures. The painting is not fresco but done directly on the wall in oil. Delaroche finished the work in 1841, but it was considerably damaged by a fire in 1855. He immediately set about trying to re-paint and restore the work, but died on 4 November 1856, before he had accomplished much of this. The restoration was finished by Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury.

Gallery

• 
  Joan of Arc being Interrogated, 1824, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rouen, France.
• 
  Cromwell and the corpse of Charles I, 1831, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nîmes
• 
  The Death of Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 1828, Louvre
• 
  The Children of Edward, 1831, Louvre
• 
  The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, 1833, National Gallery, London
• 
  Strafford led to Execution, 1836
• 
  Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers, 1836, thought lost in The Blitz, rediscovered in 2009
• 
  Peter the Great, 1838
• 
  Herodias, 1843, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne, Germany.
• 
  Napoléon abdiquant à Fontainebleau ("Napoleon abdicating in Fontainebleau"), 1845, The Royal Collection, London
• 
  Bonaparte Crossing the Alps, 1850, Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
• 
  Young Christian Martyr

Photography

Delaroche is often quoted as saying 'from today, painting is dead'. The observation was probably made in 1839, when Delaroche saw examples of the Daguerreotype, the first successful photographic process.

See also

• Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers, the Delaroche thought lost in the Blitz, rediscovered in 2009.

Sources

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Delaroche, Hippolyte". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 944–945.

External links

• Delaroche returned after 70 years
• "Delaroche, Hippolyte" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.