Paul Hoornaert
Paul Hoornaert | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 5 November 1888 |
| Died | 2 February 1944 (aged 55) Fort Breendonk, Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgium |
| Education | Doctorate in law |
| Alma mater | University of Liège |
| Occupation(s) | activist, lawyer |
| Movement | Légion Belge |
Paul Hoornaert (5 November 1888 – 2 February 1944) was a Belgian far right political activist. Although a pioneer of fascism in the country he was an opponent of German Nazism and, after joining the Belgian Resistance during the German occupation, died in Nazi custody.
Early years
Hoornaert was born in Liège to a middle class Catholic family and studied at the University of Liège, completing his doctorate in law in 1910.[1] A lawyer by profession,[2] Hoornaert was a veteran of the First World War where his combat record was highly distinguished.[3]
National Legion
A strong admirer of Benito Mussolini, but equally demonstrating a staunch hatred of Germany, Hoornaert was a member of the far right veterans' group National Legion, known by both its French name of the Légion Nationale and its Dutch name of the Nationaal Legioen, which was set up in 1922.[4] Initially a minor group it grew rapidly from 1927 when Hoornaert became leader and converted it into a paramilitary militia.[5] Under Hoornaert's leadership the 4000 strong group, who wore a blue-shirted uniform in common with other European fascist contemporaries, became associated with a militant Belgian nationalism, rejecting emphasis on both Flemish and Walloon identities in favour of a united Belgium.[1] Other important ideological aspects included anti-communism, and opposition to liberalism and the parliamentary system.[1] As Legion leader Hoornaert participated in the 1934 Montreux Fascist conference, campaigned in support of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and raised volunteers for the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.[1]
The militia, which staunchly opposed Rexism despite sharing some aims, was strongly opposed to political party activity and for this reason Hoornaert broke from his sometime supporter, the writer Pierre Nothomb when he returned to the Catholic Party.[4] His opponent Leon Degrelle suggested that Hoornaert never had more than 300 followers[3] although more recent estimates have suggested that the Legion commanded as many as 7000 members by the early 1930s.[4] He has been compared to Georges Valois in leading a pioneer fascist movement that rejected Nazism and instead took its impetus from the likes of Charles Maurras whilst drawing on disaffected ex-servicemen for its membership.[3]
As well as leading the Legion Hoornaert was also briefly involved with the Nationaal Corporatief Arbeidsverbond (National Corporate Workers Union or NACO), a group set up by industrialist Charles Somville in June 1933.[6] Hoornaert was a founder member of this group, although he and Somville clashed and became bitter rivals, partly because Somville feared that Hoornaert wanted to swallow up NACO in the Legion and partly because he was not enthusiastic about Somville's pet project, anti-Semitism.[7] In 1940 he co-operated with Joris van Severen, with an attempt made to merge the Legion with Verdinaso based on a shared loyalty to Leopold III of Belgium, although the attempt was not a success.[1]
Later years
Following the German invasion Hoornaert was forced underground after the Nazis outlawed his militia. As a consequence he joined the Légion Belge, a far right resistance movement led by dissident Rexists who opposed the occupation of Belgium. For his activity in this group Hoornaert was arrested by the Germans in 1942 and died in Fort Breendonk concentration camp on 2 February 1944.[8] His spell in the resistance saw Hoornaert awarded the Croix de guerre by France.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 190
- ^ Hans Rogger & Eugen Weber (editors) (1965). The European Right. p. 149: University of California Press.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b c David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors, London: Heinemann, 1972, p. 142
- ^ a b c R.J.B. Bosworth, The Oxford Handbook of Fascism, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 472
- ^ Giovanni Capoccia, Defending Democracy, 2005, p. 281
- ^ Dan Mikhman, Belgium and the Holocaust, 1998, p. 168
- ^ Dan Mikhman, Belgium and the Holocaust, 1998, p. 173
- ^ R.J.B. Bosworth, The Oxford Handbook of Fascism, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 482
- Use dmy dates from September 2010
- Use dmy dates from January 2011
- 1888 births
- 1944 deaths
- People from Liège
- Belgian fascists
- Belgian lawyers
- Belgian military personnel of World War I
- Belgian resistance members
- Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps
- Recipients of the Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)
- University of Liège alumni
- People who died in Fort Breendonk