Peer pressure: Difference between revisions
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'''Peer pressure''' refers to the influence exerted by a [[peer group]] in encouraging a person to change his or her [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], [[Value (ethics)|value]]s, or [[behavior]] in order to [[Conformity|conform]] to group [[Norm (sociology)|norm]]s. Social groups affected include ''membership groups'', when the individual is "formally" a member (for example, [[political party]], [[trade union]]), or a social [[clique]]. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. They may also recognize ''dissociative groups'' with which they would ''not'' wish to associate, and thus they behave adversely concerning that group's behaviors.{{Fact|date=October 2008}} |
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In young people, [[youth]] peer pressure is considered as one of the most frequently referred to forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common because most youth spend large amounts of time in fixed groups ([[school]]s and subgroups within them) regardless of their opinion of those groups. In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from 'friends'. Also, young people are more willing to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups. However, youth peer pressure can also have positive effects. |
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For example, if one is involved with a group of people that are [[ambitious]] and working to succeed, one might feel pressured to follow suit to avoid feeling excluded from the group. Sometimes the child is pressuring themselves. They feel like they need the group to be [[cool]]. Therefore, the youth would be pressured into improving themselves, bettering them in the long run. This is most commonly seen in youths that are active in [[sports]] or other extracurricular activities where conformity with one's [[peer group]] is strongest. |
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==The Third Wave== |
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[[The Third Wave]] was an experiment to demonstrate the appeal of fascism undertaken by history teacher [[Ron Jones (teacher)|Ron Jones]] with sophomore high school students attending his Contemporary History as part of a study of Nazi Germany. The experiment took place at [[Cubberley High School]] in Palo Alto, California, during the first week of April 1967. Jones, unable to explain to his students how the German populace could claim ignorance of the [[The Holocaust|extermination of the Jewish people]], decided to show them instead. Jones started a movement called "The Third Wave" and convinced his students that the movement is to eliminate democracy. The fact that democracy emphasizes individuality was considered as a drawback of democracy, and Jones emphasized this main point of the movement in its motto: "Strength through discipline, strength through community, strength through action, strength through pride". The Third Wave experiment is an example of risk behavior in authoritarian and peer pressure situations.<ref>Weinfield, L (1991). [http://www.ronjoneswriter.com/wave.html Remembering the 3rd Wave]. Retrieved March 6, 2010.</ref><ref>Jones, Ron (1972). [http://web.archive.org/web/20080211081934/http://www.vaniercollege.qc.ca/Auxiliary/Psychology/Frank/Thirdwave.html THE THIRD WAVE]. Retrieved March 6, 2010.</ref> |
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It's one useful tool in [[leadership]]. Instead of direct delegation of tasks and results demanding, employees are in this case, induced into a behaviour of self propelled performance and innovation, by comparison feelings towards their peers. There are several ways peer pressure can be induced in a working environment. Examples are: training, team [[meeting]]s. ''Training'' since the team member is in contact with people with comparable roles in other organizations. Team meetings since there will be an implicit comparison between every team member especially if the meeting agenda is the [[presentation]] of results and goal status.<ref>[[Salvador, José]] (2009). MBA CookBook.</ref> |
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==Explanation== |
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An explanation of how the peer pressure process works, called "the identity shift effect", is introduced by social psychologist, Wendy Treynor, who weaves together Festinger's two seminal social-psychological theories (on dissonance, which addresses internal conflict, and social comparison, which addresses external conflict) into a unified whole. According to Treynor’s original "identity shift effect" hypothesis, the peer pressure process works in the following way: One's state of harmony is disrupted when faced with the threat of external conflict ([[social rejection]]) for failing to conform to a group standard. Thus, one conforms to the group standard, but as soon as one does, eliminating this external conflict, internal conflict is introduced (because one has violated one's own standards). To rid oneself of this internal conflict (self-rejection), an "identity shift" is undertaken, where one adopts the group's standards as one's own, thereby eliminating internal conflict (in addition to the formerly eliminated external conflict), returning one to a state of harmony. Even though the peer pressure process begins and ends with one in a (conflict-less) state of harmony, as a result of conflict and the conflict resolution process, one leaves with a new identity—a new set of internalized standards.<ref>Treynor (2009). Towards a General Theory of Social Psychology: Understanding Human Cruelty, Human Misery, and, Perhaps, a Remedy (A Theory of the Socialization Process). Redondo Beach: Euphoria Press.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portalbox|Psychology|Sociology}} |
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* [[Collective narcissism]] |
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* [[Groupshift]] |
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* [[Groupthink]] |
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* [[Social norms marketing]] |
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* [[Asch experiment]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Group processes]] |
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[[Category:Youth]] |
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[[Category:Management]] |
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[[de:Gruppenzwang]] |
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[[eo:Kunula premo]] |
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[[fa:فشار نظیر]] |
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[[fr:Pression sociale]] |
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[[it:Influenza sociale]] |
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[[he:לחץ חברתי]] |
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[[ja:同調圧力]] |
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[[ru:Социальное давление]] |
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[[simple:Peer pressure]] |
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[[fi:Ryhmäpaine]] |
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[[sv:Grupptryck]] |
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[[th:แรงกดดันจากคนรอบข้าง]] |
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[[zh:朋輩壓力]] |
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Revision as of 12:42, 17 April 2012