Percentage point
A percentage point or percent point is the unit for the arithmetic difference of two percentages. For example, moving up from 40% to 44% is a 4 percentage point increase, but is an actual 10 percent increase in what is being measured.[1] In the literature, the percentage point unit is usually either written out,[2] or abbreviated as pp or p.p. to avoid ambiguity. After the first occurrence, some writers abbreviate by using just "point" or "points".
Consider the following hypothetical example: In 1980, 50 percent of the population smoked, and in 1990 only 40 percent smoked. One can thus say that from 1980 to 1990, the prevalence of smoking decreased by 10 percentage points although smoking did not decrease by 10 percent (it decreased by 20 percent) – percentages indicate ratios, not differences.
Percentage-point differences are one way to express a risk or probability. Consider a drug that cures a given disease in 70 percent of all cases, while without the drug, the disease heals spontaneously in only 50 percent of cases. The drug reduces absolute risk by 20 percentage points. Alternatives may be more meaningful to consumers of statistics, such as the reciprocal, also known as the number needed to treat (NNT). In this case, the reciprocal transform of the percentage-point difference would be 1/(20pp) = 1/0.20 = 5. Thus if 5 patients are treated with the drug, one could expect to heal one more case of the disease than would have occurred in the absence of the drug.
For measurements with percentage as unit, like growth, yield, or ejection fraction, statistical deviations and related descriptive statistics, such as the standard deviation and root-mean-square error, should be expressed in units of percentage points instead of percentage. Mistakenly using percentage as the unit for the standard deviation is confusing, since percentage is also used as a unit for the relative standard deviation, i.e. standard deviation divided by average value (coefficient of variation).
Related units
- Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
- Per mille (‰) 1 part in 1,000
- Basis point (‱) 1 part in 10,000
- Parts-per notation
- Baker percentage
- Percent point function
References
- ^ Brechner, Robert (2008). Contemporary Mathematics for Business and Consumers, Brief Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 190. ISBN 9781111805500. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Wickham, Kathleen (2003). Math Tools for Journalists. Cengage Learning. p. 30. ISBN 9780972993746. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
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