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Philosophical razor

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In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate (shave off) unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.[1]

Examples

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Razors include:

  • Alder's razor (also known as Newton's flaming laser sword): If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.[2]
  • Einstein's razor: "The supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience."[3] It is often paraphrased as some variant of: "Make things as simple as possible, but no simpler."[4]
  • Grice's razor (also known as Guillaume's razor): As a principle of parsimony, conversational implicatures are to be preferred over semantic context for linguistic explanations.[5]
  • Hanlon's razor: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.[6]
  • Hitchens' razor: That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence.[7]
  • Hume's guillotine: What ought to be cannot be deduced from what is; prescriptive claims cannot be derived solely from descriptive claims, and must depend on other prescriptions. "If the cause, assigned for any effect, be not sufficient to produce it, we must either reject that cause, or add to it such qualities as will give it a just proportion to the effect."[8]
  • Occam's razor: Explanations which require fewer unjustified assumptions are more likely to be correct; avoid unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
  • Popper's falsifiability criterion: For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be falsifiable.[9]
  • Sagan standard: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.[10]

See also

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References

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  1. ^
    • Garg, Anu (17 May 2010). "Occam's razor". A.Word.A.Day. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
    • Downie, R. S. (November 1989). "Moral Philosophy". In Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (eds.). The Invisible Hand. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 213–222. ISBN 9781349203130.
    • McLean, Sheila A. M., ed. (2013). First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare. Ashgate. ISBN 9781409496199.
  2. ^ Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword". Philosophy Now. 46: 29–33. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018. Also available in PDF format: Alder, Mike (2004). "Newton's Flaming Laser Sword" (PDF). Mike Alder's Home Page. University of Western Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011.
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  6. ^ "Hanlon's Razor". The Jargon File 4.4.7. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  7. ^ Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2016). Oxford Essential Quotations: Facts (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191826719. Retrieved 4 November 2020. What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence.
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  9. ^ Popper, Karl (1972). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091117207.
  10. ^ Sagan, Carl (2021). Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-33689-7.