Presidio, Texas
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2010) |
Presidio, Texas | |
|---|---|
 Signpost outside the city of Presidio, Texas | |
 Location of Presidio, Texas | |
| Coordinates: 29°33′41″N 104°21′59″W / 29.56139°N 104.36639°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Presidio |
| Area | |
| • Total | 2.6 sq mi (6.7 km2) |
| • Land | 2.6 sq mi (6.7 km2) |
| • Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 2,582 ft (787 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 4,426 |
| • Density | 1,700/sq mi (660/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP codes | 79845-79846 |
| Area code | 432 |
| FIPS code | 48-59396[1] |
| GNIS feature ID | 1344545[2] |
| Website | City of Presidio |
Presidio is a city in Presidio County, Texas, United States. It stands on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), on the opposite side of the U.S.–Mexico border from Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The population was 4,167 at the 2000 census, and had increased to 4,426 as of the 2010 US census.[3]
Presidio is on the Farm to Market Road 170, and U.S. Route 67, 18 miles (29 km) south of Shafter in Presidio County. Presidio is about 250 miles southeast of El Paso, 240 miles southwest of Odessa, and 145 miles northeast of Chihuahua City.
History
The junction of the Rio Conchos and Rio Grande at Presidio was settled thousands of years ago by hunting and gathering peoples. By link CE, the local Native Americans had adopted agriculture and lived in small, closely knit settlements, which the Spaniards later called pueblos.[4] (See La Junta Indians)
The first Spaniards came to Presidio in 1535 CE , Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions stopped at the Native American pueblo, placed a cross on the mountainside, and called the village La Junta de las Cruces. On December 10, 1582, Antonio de Espejo and his company arrived at the site and called the pueblo San Juan Evangelista. By 1681, the area of Presidio was known as La Junta de los Ríos, or the Junction of the Rivers. Five Jumano towns were located along the Rio Grande to the north of the junction, consisting largely of permanent houses.[5] In 1683, Juan Sabeata, the chief of the Jumano nation, reported having seen a fiery cross on the mountain at Presidio and requested that a mission be established at La Junta. The settlement in 1684 became known as La Navidad en Las Cruces.[6] The missions La Navidad en las Cruces, San Francisco de los Julimes, San Antonio de los Puliques, Apostol Santiago, and Santa María de la Redonda may have been established on the Texas side of the Rio Grande at La Junta.[7]
About 1760, a penal colony and military garrison of 60 men were established near Presidio. In 1830, the name of the area around Presidio was changed from La Junta de los Rios to Presidio del Norte. White American settlers came to Presidio in 1848 after the Mexican War. Among them was John Spencer, who operated a horse ranch on the United States side of the Rio Grande near Presidio. Ben Leaton and Milton Faver, former scalp hunters for the Mexican government, built private forts in the area. The handful of Anglo settlers who came to the region were assimilated into the Hispanic population and their descendants are primarily Spanish speakers today.[citation needed]
During the Mexican Revolution, General Pancho Villa often used Ojinaga as his headquarters for operations and visited Presidio on numerous occasions.[citation needed]
In 1849, a Comanche raid almost destroyed Presidio, and in 1850, Indians drove off most of the cattle in town. A post office was established at Presidio in 1868, and the first public school was opened in 1887.
In 1897, President William McKinley appointed George B. Jackson, an African American former buffalo soldier, as customs collector at Presidio, a position he held until his death in 1900. Jackson, a businessman from San Angelo, was considered the "wealthiest colored man in Texas" in the second half of the 19th century.[8]
As a result of General Francisco "Pancho" Villa's force's raid and capture of Ojinaga on January 10, 1914, many Mexican army troops and civilians fled to Presidio, seeking safe-haven. U.S. forces detained 2,000 Mexican refugees in Presidio, eventually marching them north 60 miles to Camp Marfa. The refugees would later be sent by train to Ft. Bliss (El Paso).
In 1930, the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway reached Presidio. The population grew from 96 in 1925 to 1,671 in 1988, but the number of businesses declined from 70 in 1933 to 22 in 1988. At the end of 1988, Presidio experienced a population boom, due in part to previously undocumented immigrants enrolled in the amnesty program. The population in 1990 was 3,422. Despite Presidio's having been occupied continuously since ancient times, the community was finally incorporated in 1980, with Herb Myers elected as Presidio's first mayor.
The 1959 movie Rio Bravo featured the town.
In 1986, the Texas Department of Transportation opened a two-lane bridge, connecting Presidio and Ojinaga. By 2019, a second span will be constructed, with the original bridge being demolished and rebuilt. The increased bridge capacity is projected to meet higher traffic, mainly commercial and agricultural in nature.
As of 2007, Presidio's local economy is based largely upon employment at Presidio Independent School District, United States Customs and Border Protection, and local retail businesses. Formerly, Presidio was home to several truck-farming operations, focused mainly on onions and cantaloupes. Those operations ceased in the late 1990s.[citation needed]
In 2010, Presidio built the world's largest sodium-sulfur battery to provide power when the city's lone line to the United States power grid goes down.[9]
Geography
Presidio is located at 29°33′41″N 104°21′59″W / 29.56139°N 104.36639°W (29.561272, -104.366522).[10]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), all land. Presidio is located near the confluence of the Rio Conchos and the Rio Grande. The Rio Conchos flows in a northeasterly direction from its source in the Sierra Madre in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Commonly referred to as "La Junta" (the joining), the two rivers resulted in plentiful water, creating a flood plain that is ideal for farming.
Climate
- Coordinates: 29°08′04″N 104°22′17″W / 29.13444°N 104.37139°W
- Elevation: 2,610 feet (796 m)[11]
| Climate data for Presidio, Texas (Oct 1, 1927–Mar 6, 2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 88 (31) |
95 (35) |
105 (41) |
106 (41) |
114 (46) |
117 (47) |
116 (47) |
114 (46) |
112 (44) |
103 (39) |
95 (35) |
88 (31) |
117 (47) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 67.3 (19.6) |
73.9 (23.3) |
81.9 (27.7) |
90.2 (32.3) |
97.4 (36.3) |
102.6 (39.2) |
101.1 (38.4) |
99.8 (37.7) |
94.9 (34.9) |
87.2 (30.7) |
75.7 (24.3) |
67.4 (19.7) |
86.6 (30.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 50.4 (10.2) |
56.1 (13.4) |
63.2 (17.3) |
71.7 (22.1) |
79.9 (26.6) |
86.9 (30.5) |
87.0 (30.6) |
85.8 (29.9) |
80.7 (27.1) |
71.4 (21.9) |
58.8 (14.9) |
50.9 (10.5) |
70.2 (21.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 33.4 (0.8) |
38.3 (3.5) |
44.6 (7.0) |
53.2 (11.8) |
62.4 (16.9) |
71.2 (21.8) |
73.0 (22.8) |
71.8 (22.1) |
66.5 (19.2) |
55.5 (13.1) |
41.9 (5.5) |
34.4 (1.3) |
53.9 (12.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 4 (−16) |
7 (−14) |
20 (−7) |
25 (−4) |
34 (1) |
50 (10) |
59 (15) |
58 (14) |
42 (6) |
27 (−3) |
13 (−11) |
10 (−12) |
4 (−16) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.41 (10) |
0.33 (8.4) |
0.18 (4.6) |
0.31 (7.9) |
0.64 (16) |
1.22 (31) |
1.54 (39) |
1.43 (36) |
1.48 (38) |
0.91 (23) |
0.38 (9.7) |
0.42 (11) |
9.24 (235) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.4 (1.0) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 35 |
| Source: Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute[12] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 147 | — | |
| 1930 | 1,202 | — | |
| 1990 | 3,072 | — | |
| 2000 | 4,167 | 35.6% | |
| 2010 | 4,426 | 6.2% | |
| 2016 (est.) | 3,959 | [13] | −10.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[14] | |||
As of the census[1] of 2010, 5,106 people, 1,285 households, and 1,033 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,620.1 people per square mile (626.0/km²). There were 1,541 housing units at an average density of 599.1 per square mile (231.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.39% White, 0.10% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 15.43% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 94.12% of the population.
Of the 1,285 households, 49.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were not families. About 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.73.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 37.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $18,031, and for a family was $19,601. Males had a median income of $20,469 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,098. About 40.4% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.3% of those under age 18 and 64.5% of those age 65 or over.
Consular missions
The Consulate of Mexico in Presidio is in the city.[15]
Education
The City of Presidio is served by the Presidio Independent School District, which includes Presidio Elementary School, Lucy Rede Franco Middle School, and Presidio High School. In 2011, Shella R. Condino, physics teacher at Presidio High School, was unanimously chosen by the National Aviation Hall of Fame’s selection committee to receive the 2011 A. Scott Crossfield Aerospace Education Teacher of the Year Award.[16]
The Presidio Schools count approximately 1,300 students, pre-K through 12th grade. Presidio students have competed nationally in rocketry, with a wide array of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) classes and activities in which all students may participate. The district also offers numerous activities in the fine arts, including art, band, jazz ensemble, mariachi and an annual school musical.
All Presidio schools are fully accredited by the Texas Education Agency.
Tourism
Presidio is located three miles north of Ft Leaton State Historic Site. Plans are underway to open Chinati Mountains State Natural Area, 15 northwest of Presidio, along FM 170. Big Bend Ranch State Park is adjacent to Presidio with Ft. Leaton serving as a facility to purchase use permits. Connecting Presidio south to Lajitas is the Camino del Rio (River Road), a 50-mile scenic drive following the Rio Grande.
Tourists often use Presidio as a less-congested gateway to Mexico at Ojinaga. All travel permits are available, and Mexican vehicle insurance is also available nearby. Ojinaga is a city of approximately 30,000, with tourist services including dining, shopping, and lodging. Nearby sites of interest include Peguis Canyon, as well as the old mining village of Manuel Benavides. Bus service to Chihuahua is available daily.
References
- ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Texas Almanac US Census information, http://www.texasalmanac.com/texas-towns/presidio. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ Riley, Carroll L. The Frontier People: The Greater Southwest in the Protohistoric Period. Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1987, pp. 285–310
- ^ Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580–1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), p. 21
- ^ Hickerson, Nancy P. (2010-06-15). "Jumano Indians". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
- ^ María Eva Flores, C.D.P., and Julia Cauble Smith, "LA JUNTA DE LOS RIOS", Handbook of Texas Online (https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ryl01), accessed April 28, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Suzanne Campbell of Angelo State University, San Angelo, "George B. Jackson, Black (or African-American) Businessman, Rancher, and Entrepreneur", West Texas Historical Association, annual meeting, Lubbock, Texas, April 2, 2011
- ^ http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-04/texas-town-turns-monster-battery-backup-power
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ "US COOP Station Map". Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute. Retrieved Mar 25, 2016.
- ^ "Presidio, TEXAS (417262), Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary". Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute. Retrieved Mar 26, 2016.
- ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "Inicio Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine." Consulate of Mexico in Presidio. Retrieved on March 30, 2010.
- ^ http://www.overlooksys.com/school-teacher-nominated-by-overlook.html
External links
Municipalities and communities of Presidio County, Texas, United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| Cities |  | |
| CDP | ||
| Other communities | ||
| Ghost towns | ||